John Dewey Habits and Will

Would Dewey’s advice for correcting a bad habit work for you? How would you go about reforming one of your habits? According to John Dewey, Habits are inevitable. We are empowered by both good and bad habits. In his essay, â€Å"Habits and Will†, Dewey states that we envision bad habits as such acts of â€Å"foolish idling, gambling, addiction to liquor and drugs†, and we associate good habits with skills such as walking, playing a musical instrument, and typing. We see bad habits as desires and good habits as abilities that â€Å"exist far from our impulsive desires†.Bad habits are not deliberately formed and are also hard to break. Dewey explains that will power alone is not enough; one must follow a specific method to turn habits around. I feel that I, someone who tends to get distracted easily and procrastinate, should benefit from Dewey’s habit-breaking method. Dewey writes that a friend of his remarked that there was a superstition among perso ns that believe that if one is told what to do, if the right end is pointed to them, all that is required in order to bring about the right act is will or wish on the part of the one who is to act.According to them, if a man who slouches is told to stand up straight, all that is needed is an effort by him, and the problem is fixed. Dewey’s main argument in his essay is that this method does not work. Instead, he suggests that in order to fix or undo our bad habits we must replace them with another habit that is of goodness; you must have more than solely will power to defy a habit. I think that I can benefit from Dewey’s method and start a new habit to break my habit of procrastinating.Every day, I feel that I am easily and frequently distracted when doing schoolwork, which causes me to procrastinate. Every day, I try to break this habit and am unsuccessful. Sitting and thinking â€Å"don’t get distracted† does not work because in doing so, I get distract ed by thinking about not getting distracted, instead of actually working. My problem is not struggling to sit down and take my homework out. My problem is getting distracted frequently and taking forever to make progress- especially when I know I have time to spare.When time is running out, I tend to work much more efficiently. My bad habits of getting distracted and procrastinating counteract my good habit of taking out my homework as soon as possible. I am well aware of my habits, and know that I would feel less stressed if I could correct them. Also, every day, I have to listen to my parents tell me constantly to hurry up my work and get to bed, when I obviously want to do just that, but cannot. If I use Dewey’s method, I need to create a flank movement that will form a good habit which will aid me in breaking my bad habits.These flank movements that Dewey speaks of are some action that prevents the bad habit and leads you in the direction of something else. Instead of sol ely relying on willpower alone, I could think of a way to make myself concentrate better and feel an urge to get my work done as soon as possible. One idea I thought of is changing my environment, and instead of sitting at my desk to work, I can move somewhere else, less distracting, such as the library. If I work there, I will feel more rushed and obliged to work efficiently.I will set a goal to get a certain amount of work completed during my time at the library. I do not want to and cannot spend all afternoon and evening at the library, so and I will desire to get my work done speedily, and I will work as if it was late at night. In â€Å"Habits and Will,† John Dewey says, â€Å"[A habit] makes us do things we are ashamed of, things which we tell ourselves we prefer not to do. † He elaborates on the fact that we are our habit. Dewey forces us to admit that our bad habit is a fundamental part of our self.He insists that a bad habit can’t be overcome by will al one. We need to forget the bad habit and find an alternate activity (a flank movement) that can attract us and that we can focus on. He repeats that a bad habit can’t be overcome by will alone, contrary to popular belief, but only by picking up a flank movement. So in order for me to abolish my procrastination, or at least minimize it, I need to find an act that is different from my usual routine. I have to make the completion of this new action my new goal, and focus on reaching it.If I do not, I will continue to do the same thing over and over again, like I have done for years. All habits are demands for certain kinds of activity; and they constitute the self. Our â€Å"self† is the interpenetration of will and desire and habit and action. Our selfhood isn’t what we think, but what we do; the way we act. we never intend to become an alcoholic or addicted to cigarettes. These habits come from a weakness within us all. We are too self– loved and too stubb orn to face facts which leads us to the excuses of somehow and evil power has overcome our certain abilities.Thirdly, he believes that bad habits are created from our feeling of a lack of purpose and the desires that come shortly after in attempt for immediate solutions. It would take a experience in life that enables something purposeful about us to truly appreciate the importance of ridding of the bad. http://www. alexandercenter. com/jd/johndeweyhabits. html http://www. nashvillegreatbooks. com/2009/11/john-dewey-habit-and-will. html http://www. ljhammond. com/phlit/2005-11c. htm

Brief Account of the Devastation of the Indies Essay

Based off of this reading, it can be assumed that the conditions in the Indies during the time this text was written were not humane whatsoever. The actions of the Spaniards were very much barbaric, and completely contradict the religion which the Spaniards were trying so desperately to impose upon the natives of the Indies. Without having to go into detail, it is said by Bartoleme in the letter that the Spaniards would treat the people of the Indies as wild beasts, cattle, or animals. But he then goes back on this statement saying that in fact they treated them less than livestock, because they at least took care of the livestock. This is a good example of how barbarically the Spaniards ruled over the Natives. There was no respect for the Natives, even though they were described as peaceful, passive, kind, and as overall decent human beings. Yet in the eyes of the Spaniards, the same people were seen as barbarians and savages. What makes the situation even more disturbing is that the Spaniards used the name of god to justify their ruthless actions. They saw it as their divine right to take over the Natives. Fortunately, there were people like Bartoleme that spoke out against these cruel acts. He wrote the letter describing all the acts of inhumanity towards the Natives to the King and Queen of Spain in order to create rules and regulations that would regulate the actions of the Spaniards in the Indies. This alone was a substantial act of humanity. The only ironical part is that he suggests that the Spanish use African people instead of using the Natives of the Indies for labor. Unfortunately at the time, there were still mass amounts of racism, even amongst the most noble of men. Men such as Bartoleme who spoke out against cruel acts were still subject to their own racist antics. Although this wasn’t very out-of-the-ordinary at the time, in today’s world it’s despicable nonetheless. It’s a very hypocritical suggestion that he had for the King and Queen, and for that, would lose all credit for anything positive that happened to the Natives after his ideas were reinforced.

Management Information System Project Essay

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, I am thankful to God, because without him nothing would be possible. Without him, I would not have the strength and vigor to complete this project. I am also thankful to the lecturer, Mrs. Merlene Senior, for giving us this project to do and challenging us with it, and using it to help us increase our knowledge and to understand Management Information System to a further dept. INTRODUCTION Juici Patties started in 1980, by Jukie Chin, as a cottage industry. It was manufactured in his mother’s kitchen and sold in the family’s small grocery store. The demand for Chin’s product soon started to grow and grow steadily each day, which then lead him to establish the first Juici Patties Store in May Pen, Clarendon. The staff included one baker, a cashier, and Juckie, playing more than role. Juici’s men grew to include over fifty products comprising of different types of patties (chicken, shrimp, lobster, cheese and many more), soups ( red peas, chicken, beef, many more), porridges( peanut, cornmeal harmony, and etc.), and traditional Jamaican Breakfast dishes ( ackee n saltfish, green bananas, dumplings, stew chicken, liver, callaloo, many more). Juici became one of the most popular restaurants in Jamaica, because it offered Jamaicans â€Å"Homemade traditional dishes in comfortable and clean surroundings. This is reflected in their mission statement, which is â€Å"We are committed to providing excellent service by serving authentic Jamaican food at affordable prices in clean and comfortable surroundings.† The company itself has grown over the years from a single store in May Pen, Clarendon to having another manufacturing plant in Clarendon Park, Clarendon. This plant sat on 22 acres of land and had a retail outlet with a drive thru, a 24hr public restroom, furniture and welding manufacturing section (which made furniture for the different Juici outlets). The company also went on to acquire another manufacturing plant in Canada. This plant is HACCP (Hazard analysis and critical control points) certified and services Juici’s North American market. Its development has also included the use of MIS and/or Enterprise Applications used in its business techniques and practices in its day to day operations to improve its business processes for the benefit of its customers, staff and shareholders and communities in which it operates. This project will state the type of MIS or enterprise application currently in use by Juici, how it benefits them and also gives recommendations of the use of types and other changes Juici can make to further improve their system and increase profits even more. This project will also give some brief information about Juici such as what type of organization it, the organizational structure, and who the competition is/are. In order to expand, Jukie formed partnership with four of his closest friends, in various combinations. Juici then became a franchise (A franchise, according to http://business-law.freeadvice.com, is a franchise business is a business in which the owners, or franchisers, sell the rights to their business logo and model to third parties, called franchisees). After this Juici Patties spread to locations such as Kingston and St. Andrew and St. James. In 2001, it further spread to Falmouth, Trelawney and increasing the total number of outlets at the time to 34 and making Juici Patties the only chain of restaurant, at the time, to have its services in all fourteen parishes of Jamaica. There is a total of 50 stores islandwide, a few international outlets in North America, and a manufacturing plant in Canada. (Barness, 2005) – Founder of Juici Patties, Jukie Chin. NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES Juici started with only 3 employees (a baker, a cashier, and Juckie) and now has an excess of over 1500 employees islandwide. Juici is considered to have a strong family bond as all or most of the early employees literally grew up with Juckie and stayed with the company for many years, especially in Clarendon, where it all started. The positions now available at Juici range from Accountant to Human Resource Manager to Food Server to even furniture maker (in the wood work department). Juici offers his employees a comfortable work environment and good benefits and remuneration packages. COMPETITORS Juici Patties can be seen as one of the biggest patty companies in Jamaica with its main competition being Tastee Patties. This other patty phenomenal entity was established in the 1960’s by Vincent Chang. Tastee Patties is also seen as one of the top patty distributers in Jamaica and can be found in numerous locations islandwide and internally (North America). Tastee currently employees over 800 individuals nationwide and also offers its employees a family oriented, comfortable, and secure work environment. Tastee also sources the beef that is used to make their delicious patties, via their own slaughter houses. Tastee, like Juici, also offers a variety of products such as patties (beef, chicken, shrimp, etc.), soups, porridges, and traditional Jamaican dishes such as ackee and saltfish and green banana and dumpling. Tastee Patties Logo MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE Branch Offices: Floor Manager: Manages the staff that gives services to customers, and allocates the duties of opening and closing the restaurant. The floor manager also makes sure the employees follow the food safety laws and regulations and looks after the staff which makes the work force stronger and more profitable. Kitchen Manager: Manages the staff that works in the kitchen and the kitchen is seen as the most important part of the business as this is where the products are made that attracts the customers. Restaurant Manager: The head of the floor manager, kitchen manager and all employees in the outlet he/she is assigned to. This person also takes all counter reports from frontline employees and checks and sends it to the head office. Frontline Employees: Takes the orders and serve and deal with the customers and at the end of the day count per product sale amount and total amount of sales. Juici Patties current MIS/ Enterprise Application in use are: Paper-Based System: Advantages of a paper-based system- * Easy handling: As paper is physical by nature and therefore tangible and visible, a person who need not have any knowledge of computers to handle and work with paper-based documents. Such documents can be stored systematically in files, folders, cabinets etc. * Reproduction: You can copy a document by using a photocopier machine. * Recognized and required by law: Paper-based document originals are recognized by law as being ‘official’ and can be produced as evidence in court. In fact, the law may even require you to have certain documents only in paper format for them to be considered valid. Disadvantages of having a paper-based system- * Storage space: As paper is by nature physical, it takes up a lot of storage space. With its limited resources, a small business may not be able to afford to rent or purchase storage space onsite or offsite. * Recurring cost of supplies: If you store most of your documents in paper form, you need to keep purchasing several packs of blank paper every month for varying needs: photocopying, printing, fax paper, writing pads, invoice books, accounting books etc. Add to it the cost of other stationery items and you begin to wonder if there is a better alternative to the paper-based system of managing documents. * Limited mobility: No doubt you can courier or fax a paper-based document, but how can it match up to email or sending it as an attachment to an instant message? * Editing messy: Editing a typed or handwritten document will leave marks on paper. Also, the only way to preserve the pre-edited copy is to make a photocopy before editing it. This process has to be repeated every time you edit or revise the document. All it does is add more copies to your paper archive and leave the original document in bad shape. * Collaboration difficult: If your firm’s departmental heads in different corners of the office want to collaborate on a paper document, an assistant will first have to make copies of the document and distribute them. Then each head will have to make notes. To be able to see each other’s notes, they will need to gather anyway for a meeting before they finalize the action plan. Compare this with an electronic document management system where you can simply share the document (grant access to it) with your departmental heads; each of them can add their notes and save the document. The document can then be seen by all with everyone’s notes on it. A face-to-face meeting is not required, thereby saving the time of your busy senior executives. * Vulnerable to damage: As paper is exposed to wear and tear through frequent handling, exposure to adverse weather conditions etc., a document management system that is purely paper-based is not a stable one. In the event of a disaster, you could lose your documents as they may not be backed up. Documents that are not in digital form cannot be backed up online. Supply chain management (SCM) Supply chain management (SCM) is the combination of art and science that goes into improving the way a company (such as Juici Patties) finds the raw components( beef) it needs to make a product or service ( patty) and deliver it to customers. The following are five basic components of SCM. * Plan—this is the strategic portion of SCM. Companies need a strategy for managing all the resources that go toward meeting customer demand for their product or service. A big piece of SCM planning is developing a set of metrics to monitor the supply chain so that it is efficient, costs less and delivers high quality and value to customers. * Source—next, companies must choose suppliers to deliver the goods and services they need to create their product. Therefore, supply chain managers must develop a set of pricing, delivery and payment processes with suppliers and create metrics for monitoring and improving the relationships. And then, SCM managers can put together processes for managing their goods and services inventory, including receiving and verifying shipments, transferring them to the manufacturing facilities and authorizing supplier payments. * Make—this is the manufacturing step. Supply chain managers schedule the activities necessary for production, testing, packaging and preparation for delivery. This is the most metric-intensive portion of the supply chain—one where companies are able to measure quality levels, production output and worker productivity. * Deliver—this is the part that many SCM insiders refer to as logistics, where companies coordinate the receipt of orders from customers, develop a network of warehouses, pick carriers to get products to customers and set up an invoicing system to receive payments. * Return—this can be a problematic part of the supply chain for many companies. Supply chain planners have to create a responsive and flexible network for receiving defective and excess products back from their customers and supporting customers who have problems with delivered products. RESULTS Under their current system, Juici Patties has: * JUICI Patties has pumped more than US$60,000 (J$5.3 million) into â€Å"greening† its Clarendon operations, positioning itself to reap financial gains over the medium to long term while at the same time helping to realize environmental sustainability. (Barness, 2005) * They installed a water treatment plant — the recycled water from which is used to maintain their plants and lawns — but they have also installed two biodigesters, a solar system and two windmills. * Juici Patties currently has distributors in the Cayman Islands, Turks and Caicos, Dominica, and St. Lucia. * Juici Patties acquired a manufacturing plant in Ontario, Canada. No Juici retail store is present in Canada, but Juici beef, chicken, vegetable and shrimp patties are available in some of Canada’s major supermarket chains and convenience stores. * Juici Patties has a number of community programmes such as Juici Patties Elderly Soup Feeding Programme. * Juici Patties has a sponsorship programme, where they sponsor community sports competitions such as Juici Patties Clarendon Senior Netball League. (Juici Patties) RECOMMENDATIONS Keeping in mind the need to maximize profits (a main objective for any business) in today’s day and age, the best way to do this is to utilize the best technology that is available, the following are recommended: * Enterprise Management System * Network: Internet/Intranet/ Extranet/ LAN * Application Technology: Client/Server, Web-Enabled applications * Security: Firewall Servers and Proxy Server. * Use ERP Is Juici Patties an Enterprise? Juici Patties can be considered an enterprise, as it is a large business community, operating over 50 outlets islandwide and internationally. It is a corporate entity and includes a group of people with a common goal with the resources to retain this goal. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) ERP, according to www. tmcnet,com, is an organization’s management system which uses a software application to incorporate all facets of the business, and automate and facilitate the flow of data between critical back-office functions, which may include financing, distribution, accounting, inventory management, sales, marketing, planning, human resources, manufacturing, and other operating units. ERP software comes in many forms, including supply chain management, manufacturing, distribution, warehouse management, retail management, and point-of-sale software. What Every Enterprise (Juici Patties) Needs? * Management of Data – for information communication * Event monitoring, updating, control * ERP * EDI (Electronic Data Interchange)- consists of direct computer-to-computer transmission among multiple firms of data in a machine readable, structured format. * AMS (Attendance Monitoring System) – is required for personal planning of the employees in the organization. It also helps in availability and scheduling. * DMS (Document Management System).- This system helps in keeping important document for viewing at later times. For the purpose of transaction handling this system some time have a facility of document modification, by giving text-editing facility. * CMS (Communication Management Systems). – The ERP uses CMS as a tool for all its communication needs of recording an event. This system is used for tracking the important resource for action. (Wolf, 2011) ERP Software * ERP software is a family of software modules that support the business activities involved in these vital back-office processes. For example, ERP software for a Juici Patties’ manufacturing company will typically track the status of sales, inventory, shipping, and invoicing, as well as forecasting raw material and human resource requirements. * Enterprise Applications/ Packages/ Suites/ Systems connects all of the information, which flows through a company to a single integrated set of systems. * This is implemented in modules, which can be integrated. * ERP may work with a wide variety of databases, hardware, and operating systems. * Leading Vendors of ERP are SAP, Oracle. * Originally. ERP packages were targeted at the manufacturing industry. * Their goal is to integrate information across the company and eliminate complex links between computer systems. * The architecture is client/server and uses OO methodology for design and development of whole system. * Key advantage of ERP is that it provides an integrated solution for all the requirements of the business. (Wolf, 2011) * It takes care of organizational hierarchy of authorities * Basically ERP solutions are based on Unix and Windows NT platform. A typical ERP solution has following modules: * Marketing, Distribution and sales * Manufacturing process * Accounting and finance * Personal management * Planning and control * Purchase and inventory The modules are designed for following purposes: – * Data capture from transactions * Data transaction validation * Analysis * Updating and reporting of accounting ERP Benefits: * ERP offers lots of benefits to the implementing organization. * It helps for a manager to make decision at the right time. * This is possible when entire organization is sharing information and interprets in same perspectives. * The benefits of ERP can be classified in two categories: – * Tangible benefits (Those which can be measured in one form or other) * Intangible benefits (Difficult to measure in absolute terms) The Risks of ERP: * Tied to a single vendor * Flexibility limited by options offered by the vendor * May inappropriately force generic processes * May inappropriately force org. structure changes * Complexity – particularly regarding mapping and standardizing processes across the organization CONCLUSION Juici Patties is one the biggest and most popular patty companies in Jamaica employing over 2000 individuals in over 50 outlets islandwide and overseas (North America). Juici Patties was the first company to have outlets in all fourteen parishes and one of few fast food restaurants produces the ingredients ( beef from cattle at their slaughter houses) to make their product (patty). Juici Patties current paper based and Supply Chain Management CMS worked well for many years and benefitted Juici in many ways, however with a new system or collaboration such as Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) customer satisfaction, employee satisfaction, and in the long run profits will have an even more rise. The ERP system will: * Improve the quality and efficiency of Juici Patties. By keeping a Juici’s internal business process running smoothly, ERP can lead to better outputs that will benefit the company such as customer service, and manufacturing. (Wolf, 2011) * Provide support to upper level management to provide them with critical decision making information. This decision support will allow the upper level management to make managerial choices that will enhance the business down the road. * Create a more agile company that can better adapt to situations and changes. ERP makes Juici Patties more flexible and less rigidly structured in an effort to allow the different parts of this organization to become more cohesive, in turn, enhancing the business both internally and externally. (Wolf, 2011) * Pepsi-Cola Jamaica Bottling Co., Ltd., and Juici Patties chain signed a deal that would see Pepsi serving as the preferred carbonated beverage supplier at Juici Patties stores across the island. (Juici patties and Pepsi sign supply deal, 2002) REFERENCES Barness, P. N. (2005, July 27). Jukie Chin Expands Empire. The Gleaner. Juici Patties. (n.d.). Retrieved from juicipatties.com: http://www.juicipatties.com/index.php?main=1 Wolf, T. (2011, May 10). What is ERP Software? TMC News. Turban, E.. et al. (2006), Information Technology for Management, Transforming Organization in the Digital Economy (5th ed). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Oklobdzija, Vojin G.,(2008). 2nd Ed. Digital systems and applications., CRC Press Computer Engineering Series; Publication: Boca Raton, FL CRC Press. Juici patties and Pepsi sign supply deal. (2002, February 3). The Sunday Gleaner.

Cases in Financial Management Essay

Case Synopsis Founded in 1984 Laurentian Bakeries Inc. operates in the industry of manufacturing a vast variety of frozen baked products within their three operating plants in Montreal, Winnipeg and Toronto. The operating plants produce items such as frozen pizza in Winnipeg, MB, pies in Montreal, QC and Cakes in Toronto, ON- with each representing 30%, 30% and 40% of the total revenue stream respectively. The buyers for this company include large institutional clients such domino’s pizza, etc. which have a significantly higher level of power whereas the seller of the products consists of several food producers which have a relatively low level of power. With the cost of setting up a plant of this scale being high, substitute products will also remain high in the market causing the overall profit margin to be low. With the company’s ongoing effort for continuous improvement Danielle Knowles (VP of operations) proposed to expand one of the operating plants in Winnipeg-which was based on the opportunity if the company expanded into the U.S. market. Statement The statement of the problem is how Danielle Knowles will prepare a capital project expenditure proposal to expand the company’s frozen pizza plant in Winnipeg; which is consistent and in line with the company’s capital allocation policy. The proposal should also satisfy the company’s continuous effort for improvement, identification of lost opportunities, satisfaction of HR and environmental impacts and provide sufficient ROI. Situational Analysis The strengths of the company are clearly visible through the company’s effective operations and reputable image in the industry. Being one of the top five in the industry, Laurentian Bakeries has established themselves as a dominant player in the market; however, with a shortage in capacity it can  potentially overpower the strengths due to its negative impact on the company. This includes a decrease in sales and potential decreases in retailer support. Nevertheless, with the acknowledgement of a capacity shortage and an opportunity to expand and grow in the U.S. market the company seems to be in good standing. Moving aside to a different area amongst the competition, all the products are similar which indicate there is heavy competition. The presence of numerous suppliers makes this industry highly competitive, as a result, there is high aggression amongst competitors. This is a leading factor that indicates this is not an attractive business to be in. SWOT ANALYSIS Strengths * Danielle Knowles has experience in the food industry for 13 years. This is a great benefit for the company, because she is able to use her knowledge and experience and apply it for Laurentian Bakeries in order to improve operations or even avoid errors. This in return can potentially save the company from incurring additional expenses. * Danielle has her Master’s in Business Administration which indicates that she is educated and has the credentials to maintain her position as the VP of operations. Also, Danielle is able to use that knowledge and apply it to everyday operations of the company. * Laurentian has above average consideration for human resource and environmental impacts. This benefits the company to the extent that it creates a public awareness which shows their commitment to the community which in return can potentially be used as a marketing tool to attract more sales. * Laurentian company is one of the five large firms that produce frozen foods dominating 21% of the market. This indicates that they are a dominant player in the market and have survived many difficulties from various competitions. * Well established and profitable company which indicates that they have survived one full economic cycle and have withstood their competition. * The company has a diversified revenue stream with three operating plants located in major cities which are not as risky as a single revenue stream. * All three segments are profitable. * Low cost pizza producer which is helping to expand into the US. Market. * Laurentian Bakeries has an integrated workforce such as sales, marketing, etc. for all of their operating plants. Weakness * Shortage of capacity. If this weakness is not dealt with the company can face losses in their sales because of the shortage. This in return lowers the overall profit of the company and can potentially decrease buyers if they cannot meet the demand due to the shortage. * Class 1 products are too risky and by taking such a great risk any wrong doing can have a negative impact on the company. Opportunities * Arrangement to supply large U.S. based grocery chain with private label brand. If the opportunity is taken to its advantage the company can potentially see higher figures in sales and profits. * Since U.S. pizza consumption is 3x bigger than the Canadian segment the overall US market is bigger which can potentially lead to a higher market share. * Within N.A. the economy is recovering modestly and is expected to grow. This indicates that consumer spending on discretionary items such as food products will remain strong. Threats * Inflation is forecasted to remain between 3-5%. This may cause interest rates to rise causing the cost of capital to increase higher than its current level. Capital projects such as expansion may suffer. * North American growth rate of gross domestic product slowed down which may lower the company sales. * Threat of new entrants will increase competition and is always a factor that makes the sales aggressive. * Health Conscious consumers will potentially affect sales due to the products offered by Laurentian Bakeries are considered â€Å"unhealthy.† With on-going health awareness the products offered by Laurentian Bakeries might not meet the changing demand of consumers. Porter’s Five Forces Buyer’s Power * Mixed Power. * There are two types of buyers: large institutional buyers such as  domino’s pizza & pizza pizza as well as large retailers. Thousands of smaller clients have less power because of their current low clientele base. Supplier Power * Low Power. * Pizza suppliers distribute production to pizza stores, restaurants and grocery chain stores. Since there are numerous suppliers in the market for ingredients such as cheese, flour, vegetables, etc. they have low power. Barriers to Entrant * High * Due to high capital costs, skilled workforces, environmental regulations, high distribution channels, entry into this industry is high. Threat of Substitute * High * The products offered by Laurentian such as their Pizza can be made at home or even purchased fresh from fast food restaurants. Also they can easily be substituted for other products such as calzone, sandwiches, tacos, etc. Competition * High * There is high competition for the items offered by Laurentian Bakers. Competition for their pizza baked items can easily be substituted through franchised restaurants such as Pizza Pizza, Boston Pizza, Pizza Hut, etc. also competition is high through other companies offering the same goods. In addition, this company is also competing against other food products rather than frozen pizza alone. Financial Analysis Financial Summary: Laurentian Bakeries is seeing a cash increase from $6.2 million in 1993 to almost double its value of $13.1 million in 1995. At the same time long term debt for the company has increased by $7.23 million which indicated that Laurentian Bakeries is funded by its long term debt and has not utilized its cash and therefore has incurred additional interest expenses. Moving over to the sales figures, Laurentian Bakeries has seen an increase of 11% from 1993-95; however, net income is flat which indicates that their COGS and operating expenses have also risen almost at the same pace as sales. This setback has no advantage to the shareholders. Alternatives 1. Continue original plans to continue expansion in Winnipeg. 2. Build a plant in U.S. to cater to that market. 3. Buy an existing plant. 4. Expand the Toronto plant as it is the strongest plant for the company. Recommendations By carefully analyzing all the alternatives, we recommend alternative one as the best fit solution to this company due to it being most practical at the company’s current situation. We strongly believe that continuing original plans to expand in Winnipeg is the beneficial solution for the company as they already produce the same type of products and have the additional land to carry forward the expansion, because this plant is a low cost producer and is ideal to utilize the U.S private label sector. In addition, this alternative is beneficial because it is consistent with the company’s overall objectives. Given the discount rate of 18% and a $5.2 million capital investment the NPV of the expected cash flow is positive. Moreover, recommendation one is the best suited for this company because: * There is land readily available in Winnipeg. This can save the company some money in terms of the expansion because these will incur less of an expense due to Laurentian owning the extra land space. * Building a plant in U.S. will require a lot of capital, additional expenses for hiring, training, etc., and potential change in production, management or other techniques due to different regulations in U.S. * Expanding in Toronto will also require additional capital and additional time to hire and train the workforce to produce the pizza products which aren’t produced in the Toronto facility.

Health and Medical Technologies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Health and Medical Technologies - Essay Example Radiographs play an important role by helping dentist detect dental problems that would otherwise be undetectable. Digital radiography is a major technological breakthrough as it plays a major role in ensuring quality dental care delivery. However, this technological advancement comes at a cost that society must bear. Additionally, more costs develop through need of skilled personnel, staff training, demand for utilization of the technology, and facility upgrade programs. Nevertheless, the benefits of digital radiography overshadow the costs of the technology (Shi & Singh, 2012). The implementation of a digital radiography technology is likely to increase satisfaction and improve physical comfort for patients. On the other hand, the dental team will be able to dedicate more efforts to services that utilize their skills, which will in turn raise morale and improve job performance. Additionally, installation of digital radiography will positively affect the cash flow of a health facility. Incorporating digital radiography not only leads to better dental care but also cuts the expenses of a healthcare facility (Shi & Singh,

A Brief Outline of American Politics Assignment - 1

A Brief Outline of American Politics - Assignment Example It is considered that the speed of striding indicates the power of a person, and more speed means a person is powerful and physically fit. There is, however, a difference in the manner of walking by both the politicians. While walking, Vladimir moves his shoulders back and forth. He exudes energy while walking and makes strong gestures, all of which indicates that he has animal power and is extremely active and strong. On the other hand, Bush portrays himself as having the traditional American power. While walking, he does not make any significant movements of the shoulder. He appears to be calm and controlled which indicates that he does not waste his energy without reason. Bill Clinton has a rather charming personality which becomes apparent when he is communicating with ladies. This is reflected in the manner he smiles while speaking, and his voice is friendly and passionate. II. Karl Rove is the political advisor of Republican candidates and is regarded as a strong strategist. His major agenda is to attack the strong points of the opponents and make them seem like their weak points. For instance, there was the Republican presidential nominee John McCain in the 2008 United States presidential election. He had the reputation of being a war held and prisoner of war. As part of Karl Rove’s strategy, the supporters of George W. Bush in South Carolina created doubts that the years of torture by the Vietnamese may have mentally affected John McCain. In this way, Karl Rove undermined McCain’s glorification of being a war prisoner by alleging him as mentally incompetent (Slater, 2012). As part of 2006 presidential campaign of George W. Bush, Karl Rove has taken the advantage of immigrants for political gain. His strategy was to focus on anti-immigration policies to divert the attention from failed leadership. It was part of Rove’s divide and distract strategy within the Republican Party. He worked towards making the compromise on the issue of immigration in order to comply with the demands of congressional Republicans.  

Online Social Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Online Social Entrepreneurship - Essay Example Current paper focuses on the provision of a social media strategy that could support the enhancement of performance of a social enterprise based in UK, the Social Entrepreneur and Student Network (SESNet). The literature related to the specific subject will be also presented for justifying the choice of the above social strategy and for explaining the challenges that could possibly appear when realizing the particular project. The paper has been structured in such way so that the phases of the social media strategy chosen for the Social Entrepreneur and Student Network (SESNet) are clear. At a first level, an abstract is provided for showing the key elements and objectives of the paper. Then, the introductory section offers a more analytical view on the paper’s purposes and content. The characteristics and the needs of the organization involved are also presented, aiming to show the issues that the social media strategy proposed will have to face. Furthermore, the literature related to the paper’s subject is presented. At the next level, the appropriate theory/ model for developing an effective social media strategy is explained. The use of this theory in practice is made clear in the following section, where the various phases of the media social strategy suggested are described. The conclusions and the recommendations sections are the last ones of this paper. These sections summarize the k ey findings of the paper and suggest practices that the organization under discussion should establish. Also, in the recommendations section of this paper suggestions are made for further research, referring to gaps identified while reviewing the literature published in the particular field. The research methodology chosen for this paper is the literature review. Academic studies, as recent as possible, have been identified and reviewed for addressing the issues that are related to this paper. It

Physical Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Physical Education - Essay Example However, this teaching and learning approach minimizes teachers overall participation in the students learning process. Marching students and teachers experience together ensures a successful learning outcome (Vickerman 2006). Therefore, the minimization of teacher’s participation is a negative impact that this teaching and learning approach can bring to the implementation of national curriculum for PE. It is believed that it can hinder skills development in physical activities and thus hinder achievement of successful learning outcomes. That is why it is always advisable to use this teaching and learning approach in combination with other approaches. The other most widely used learning style is the command style. In this learning style, the teacher makes all the decisions in the learning process (Mohnsen 2008). Command style can combine well with all our three learning styles, which are visual, auditory, and kinesthetic. When combined with these learning styles it assists in the delivering of the PE curriculum in several ways. According to Stidder (2010), this type of teaching style could promote safety during the implementation of the curriculum. This is because the teacher is always under control of all the activities undertaken during a learning process. This actually makes this teaching and learning approach to be very popular in PE education due to the risky activities involved. When this approach is adapted in implementing a PE Curriculum, both positive and negative impacts are experienced. This kind of approach allows delivering of information to a large group of people in a short period (Galligan 2000). The national curriculum for PE is large in terms of content and thus in most cases... The other most widely used learning style is the command style. In this learning style, the teacher makes all the decisions in the learning process. Command style can combine well with all our three learning styles, which are visual, auditory, and kinesthetic. When combined with these learning styles it assists in the delivering of the PE curriculum in several ways. According to Stidder (2010), this type of teaching style could promote safety during the implementation of the curriculum. This is because the teacher is always under control of all the activities undertaken during a learning process. This actually makes this teaching and learning approach to be very popular in PE education due to the risky activities involved.When this approach is adopted in implementing a PE Curriculum, both positive and negative impacts are experienced. This kind of approach allows delivering of information to a large group of people in a short period. The national curriculum for PE is large in terms o f content and thus in most cases, the time allocated is not sufficient. Furthermore, there is always a need to administer it to a large group of students within the little time allocated. This makes this approach very fundamental when it comes to implementation of the curriculum for physical education. However, it also has some negative impacts, especially when used alone to implement a curriculum. The major negative impact of this approach is that it does not give students freedom of choice to reason out a solution to a particular problem.

Caveat Emptor Is this common Law Maxim undermined Essay

Caveat Emptor Is this common Law Maxim undermined - Essay Example This act is in addition to the existing law and accordingly a consumer usually has a remedy either in contract or in the tort of negligence (Slack 1997). The term Caveat emptor connotes that let the buyer beware. It is a common law sales contract concept that exposes the buyer to the risk inherent in a transaction. Though it involves the principle of freedom to contract, nevertheless implied warranties in the context of sale of goods are latent in it (Rossini 1998) The Sale of Goods Act 1893 was amended by several pieces of legislation, some of these are the Sale and Supply of Goods Act 1994, the Misrepresentation Act 1967, the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 and the Consumer Protection Act 1987 (Jones and Benson 2003). This act was the first piece of legislation that provided protection to the buyer. Recently there had been a spate of legislations, whose purpose was to enhance the protection that had been made available to consumers. Some instances of such acts are the Misrepresentation Act 1967, the amended Sale of Goods Act (Sale and Supply of Goods Act 1994 and the Sale of Goods (Amendment) Act 1994) and the Unfair Terms Regulations (S.I 1994/3159. Unfair Terms Regulations in Consumer Contract Regulations 1994). In this manner the caveat emptor doctrine has been progressively undermined and substituted by the doctrine of caveat venditor or let the seller beware. The noted legal luminary Atiyah opined that the basic principle of law was one of caveat venditor rather than one of caveat emptor (Atiyah and Adams 1995). In addition, the European Union as a champion of the rights of the consumer has planned to introduce legislation that would serve to bestow further protection on the rights of consumers. The Directive on the Sale of Consumer Goods and Associated Guarantees is an important step in this direction (EUROPA 2006). There has been a marked reluctance on the part of judicial policy to interfere with contracts between parties having equal bargaining power. The Unfair Contract Terms Act attempts to extinguish the exclusion and limitation clauses that occur in consumer contracts and contracts that are based on one of the contracting parities' standard terms (Unfair Contract Terms Act (as amended on the 1st of October, 2003) 1977). The above act is inapplicable to commercial contracts in general. In Photo Productions Limited v Securicor the House of Lords permitted Securicor to avoid liability for the acts of one of its employees (Photo Production Ltd v Securicor Transport Ltd 1980). In the case of Slater and others v Finning Ltd, the House of Lords held that if a product failed for the reason that it had been used for a purpose other than that it had been designed for then the seller was absolved of any liability for such failure (Slater v Finning Ltd 1996). This was similar to the decision in Griffths v Peter Conway Ltd, in which the buyer had concealed from the seller as to what use was to be made of the goods (Griffths v Peter Conway Ltd 1939). This indicates very clearly that there has been a preference for caveat venditor in the context of the implied condition of suitability in commercial law. The legal consequences of the rule of caveat emptor require the buyers to undertake

Gender Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Gender Relations - Essay Example However, the pain of the sacrifice is plain on their faces. Women, on the other hand, sacrifice with a glow on their countenance. They have the creativity and the ability to withstand drought to the maximum extent and make food out of whatever sources available (Eldridge, Christopher, p2). Flood, drought and famine have struck all countries across the globe. The evidence of famine is scripted in the ancient texts and millions died in those days in the absence of effective communication and fast transportation available today (Dreze, Jean and Sen, Amartya; 1989). However, one must give thought to accounts of heroism and endurance that never-say-die men and women exercised to outlive those events. Small remnants of brave men and women survived to carry on with life and challenges they overcame to script their experiences with future generations. The threat of hunger may or may not be an isolated incident. There are those that experience hunger as a daily challenge. In the ancient days, a lot depended on the ruling class on the extent of hunger in their land. If rulers were benevolent, people experienced prosperity and thrived with only fleeting acknowledgement of hunger. However, if rulers were exacting and impersonal large number of people below the poverty line came in grips with the pangs of hunger. This situation was man-made. But one learnt to live with it. ... However, if rulers were exacting and impersonal large number of people below the poverty line came in grips with the pangs of hunger. This situation was man-made. But one learnt to live with it. It was only a matter of survival to live another day. There was no shortage of food as such. Life went on although the question of where the food was to come from faced the hungry segment of the population. Nonetheless, even hungry people got their needs met long enough to survive. To the hungry, it mattered little if the cause of hunger was man-made or an act of God. The challenge of survival presented a test that sometimes was overcome and other times meant defeat (Barraclough, Solon L; 1991). The scourge of famine continues to haunt large swathes of regions in Africa and Asia. These regions have witnessed famine owing to myriad reasons chiefly uncertain rains, disruptive floods or crop failures due to absence of rains. Apart from natural causes, the phenomena of famine exists owing to socio-economic failures, unstable political conditions, lumpen environment, and other factors that contribute to continuance of famine conditions that lack education and trigger contingencies (Bryceson, Deborah Fahy; 2006). The gender that does better It is difficult to pinpoint a particular gender did better than the other although natural indications point to women as better managers of hunger. By and large, women are endowed with better resilience and determination to scrape through periods of hunger irrespective of their cause. In Bangladesh which experienced famine in the 1970s, it was women who were organizationally entrusted to fight famine through community empowerment and other material means (Dreze, Jean and Sen,

The case method of stratigic analysis David and Goliath Essay

The case method of stratigic analysis David and Goliath - Essay Example -There are a number of possible solutions to the problem. One solution is to have each side choose its strongest member. For the Philistine this would be Goliath. For the Israelites this would be David. Both individuals would then fight to the death. The winner would determine the resolution for the entirety of their population. While this would provide a resolution and avoid significant death, one recognizes that it is largely an arbitrary means of deciding on the solution; for this reason not all participants may be happy with the final solution. -Another potential option would be to have both organizations engage in diplomacy. While a regular component of international relations in the contemporary environment, during the time of this conflict such actions occurred only in limited form. This then constitutes a major potential option a means of solving this conflict. -Still, another potential option would be to allow both armies to engage in warfare. While this is the most extreme solution it is an option that continues to be implemented through the contemporary world environment. This solution would be effective in providing a strong and resolute answer to the issue, as the stronger party would have the final say in the matter. Still, the human death toll would be significant. One considers that diplomacy functions as the best option as it determines an amenable solution without bloodshed and death. This approach functions within the Ansoff management techniques. One considers that turbulence is a prominent area of concern within the Ansoff approach, and this situation demonstrates a great degree of unpredictability. Ansoff recognizes that managers must meet these challenges with an appropriate aggressiveness of strategy. In this sense, the diplomatic approach recognizes that because of the turbulent nature of the situation, a strong and resolute solution needs to be reached. The diplomatic action then will

Shame by Dick Gregory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Shame by Dick Gregory - Essay Example Richard feels inferior to Helene Tucker. He is afraid of even coming close to her and keeps a distance whenever he wants to greet her. He even has to clean his hand before greeting her. The narrator feels fabulous in white clothes. Richard Gregory is in love with Helene Tucker. He proves all this by the fact that he had to clean his school uniform daily, and water was scarce. He even goes to school just to see her. He denied his poor status just to be equal to Helene rich class. He obtained a ladies handkerchief just to avoid people seeing him wiping his face using his hands. The story itself is but a flash back in Richard Gregory life. To him Helene is a symbol of people who are better than him. The demonstration of this love is when the narrator does everything in his life for Helene. The narrator broke college record just for her. The narrator shows racism and discrimination just by the mentioning of color in his story. He mentioned that teachers saw him as a black idiot boy. He also mentioned that the only clothe that made him look bosom was the white folks shirt feet him better. Eventually the narrator shows that so long as one works hard in life he will succeed. He shows this by offering to pay the bill for the old wino in Mr. William’s

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 13

Assignment Example doing working-class activities – and a performance that spark up controversy in the 60s because of its escape from the traditional morality and religion plays. Amidst the competition from renowned theatre houses in Toronto, Studio 275 will primarily rely on traditional publicity such as the use of media release, posters and flyers as well as giving out first hand information through direct marketing to theatre schools and organizations within its reach. Its audience will be composed of women from all income brackets, regardless of their age and background. It will emphasize the plot as something that is contentious in the past and will be refreshed through Studio 275’s production that will bring your memory and interest as to what have these women of the 60s have gone through. Studio 275 was established in 1985 with topmost priority in play development as a means of supporting Canadian playwrights and building the repertoire of Canadian plays. Moreover, the first 15 years of its existence gave emphasis on producing local works but eventually turned in producing shows that reflects the Canadian experience from many generation as well as history and sensibilities that people have brought to the country. This season, the company will focus on series of productions featuring the different sides of women caught up in differing situations. This year’s presentation will start off with Michel Tremblay’s first professionally produced work Les Belles Soeurs (The Sisters-in-Law) directed by Judith Chapman. The story created such controversy in the 60s because of the â€Å"joual† language used by women while discussing about men, religion and Bingo. It represents the working class women in Montreal, doing working-class activities while uttering vulgar language which shocked the Quebec stage in the 60s. 1. Women (Vistors and Canadians). This market includes women from all walks of life, regardless of its social status and age. The title may spark up their interest

The Yellow Wallpaper Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Yellow Wallpaper - Movie Review Example When one of his scams (perhaps involving back-alley plastic surgery and/or low-dollar sex change operations) goes terribly wrong, ending in a patient's death, man and wife find themselves in a high speed chase with police. It is at this point that the movie will begin and these first two characters will be introduced. The chase should be realistic (absolutely no C.G.I. stunts) and should end with John and Charlotte having a spectacular (yet believably survivable) crash. [Car has landed upside down, smoke emanates across a ground littered with broken glass, and JOHN, blood trickling down the side of his head, drags himself from the wreckage as police close in with guns drawn. He throws up his hands and falls face down to the to the pavement] JOHN: It wasn't me! It wasn't me! I was just a hostage! She's crazy!! [Camera change to the unconscious and blood-soaked face of CHARLOTTE. Fade to black with John's screams of innocence. Maintain black screen as red-colored text appears: SIX MONTHS LATER. Fade from black to scene. Setting is a prison visitation window] CHARLOTTE: You have to tell them (we see Charlotte, wearing a bright yellow prisoner's jumpsuit. Her face still bears small scars from the accident, the most obvious of which is a discolored, almost yellowish scar on her forehead). CHARLOTTE and YELLOW WOMAN: DON'T YOU WALK AWAY FROM ME, YOU SON OF A BITCH... [JOHN shows no emotion in his face as he hangs up the phone, stands up, gathers his things, and walks away. Again, next line should be spoken simultaneously] CHARLOTTE and YELLOW WOMAN: DON'T YOU WALK AWAY FROM ME, YOU SON OF A BITCH!!! You know I wasn't the one responsible for this! I'm NOT CRAZY JOHN! We KNOW it! [Prison guards start to restrain her as her rant continues. At the mention of "we," however, JOHN stops in his tracks] JOHN: And just who are "we," exactly Was there ever a "we" Are you even talking about you and me CHARLOTTE: (Breathing heavily and speaking/growling through gnashed teeth) One day, John One day we'll get out of here. We'll get out and you'll find out who we are. From this scene, the audience will be introduced to Charlotte's cell in solitary confinement. The cell should have faded yellow wallpaper or yellow painted walls. Charlotte and the Yellow lady will devise a plan to escape and take revenge on John, who has now re-married a wealthy young heiress and taken custody of his and Charlotte's young child. After escaping, Charlotte and the Yellow Woman will exact a plan of revenge on John and his new wife. The baby, however, remains something that the Yellow Woman refuses to allow Charlotte to acknowledge the existence of, which will be the source of several instances of conflict between the

Kinship Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Kinship Organizations - Essay Example The Kinship System and Culture of Yonomamo Their social life is organized around the respected tribesmen, where kinship relationship descent from ancestors and marriages between these kinships. According to Webster (2004), the tribesmen are given responsibility to maintain order in the villages and determine the village’s relationships with people of other villages. The tribesmen are given these positions owing to kinship and marriage customs, and it depends on the main kinship groups in the villages they come from. Webster (2004) indicates that the social changes within Yonomamo villages are based on giving and receiving marriageable girls in society. Thus, marriages are arranged by order kin, who include uncles, brothers and fathers of the spouse. Marriage in Yonomamo is based on the political process where girls are promised marriages while their extremely young, and men involved forms alliances with other men via marriage exchanges. There is inadequate of women in the Yono mamo due to the sex ratio imbalance in the younger ages that result in men having more than one wife. In case of fighting in the village, this is as a result of sexual relationships and attacks done to married women by other men. Meanwhile, the fight can cause internal fighting and conflicts of such greatness that lead to splitting and fission of villages, and create new villages. Yonomamo have a series of quality forms of violence that include club fighting and chest pounding that prevent severe violence like shooting to kill. This offers them a great deal of flexibility in resolving the conflict without immediate resort to deadly violence (Webster, 2004). Meanwhile, they have incorporated patterns of alliance and friendship that serve to limit violence these include trading and feasting with others in order to promote friendships. According to Webster (2004), the thin line between friendship and hostility must be controlled by village leaders whose political acumen and strategies are both admirable and complex. The Yonomamo have developed one unique language that each community speaks in variety version of this language. Traditionally, they had no written language, but depended on the same words to describe several different things. For instance the Yonomamo word â€Å"Xawara† can mean disease, gold and epidemics at the same time; thus, they communicate by chanting, telling stories and using lively expressions. The Yonomamo culture does not have political readers or police force to keep law and order. However, they depend on village leaders, who do not have power over anyone, but are allowed to make suggestions about matters of daily activities. Children are an essential part of the Yonomamo culture that means the more children living in a village; the more they assisted with household tasks. To increase chances of having many, men are allowed to marry many wives that give the family a better chance of continuity. Moreover, the ceremonies are another significant part of the Yonomamo culture, and they are carried for many reasons and used to communicate with spirit. Webster (2004) indicates that ceremonial hunts may be introduced to practice catching a specific animal and they usually take part with the whole family. Meanwhile, they travel to other villages to share stories and socialize with other groups; thus, family and relationship are a significant part

A reflective learning journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A reflective learning journal - Essay Example There is the explanation, as to how the profits of a firm can be useful in the development of the principles of the supply chain management. The increased level of the interaction between these two fields shall allow enhancement of the ability of the organizations to meet their goals. The traditional aspects of the strategic management have been aimed at the operational level efficiency of the firms. The obtaining of products or services through the markets has been evolving at high speed. The new companies are no longer fighting the war on the strategic turf; it is being increasingly fought on the supply chain side. The improvement in the supply chain is one of the ways of countering the increasing costs. It also helps to tide over the increasing competition in a number of areas of management. The supply chain is representative of the link between the hierarchies and the market. The increased efficiency in this field is a potential source of competitive advantage. This research paper has helped in comprehending the importance of the synergy between the fields of the strategic management and the supply chain management. This is an area of great importance in the modern corporate world. The developments of the newer kind of competition have an effect on the competencies of the firm. One of the prime examples of this process can be seen in the case of the supermarkets. The supply chain management plays a great role for cost-saving. It also allows in the achievement of the strategic objectives of the firm. The paper deals with the case between the Hughes Aircraft Systems International and the Air services Australia. Hughes was an applicant in the case, who was also an unsuccessful bidder in the two of the tender processes. It was conducted by the Civil Aviation Authority. The proceedings of the court found that the processes were governed by two tenders. This had an effect on the process of the tenders. The terms of

Batch Distillation Column Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Batch Distillation Column - Assignment Example A single batch column is able to separate a multi-component mixture in a single operation, to its various components. During the start-up period, the column is adjusted in a way that ensures the distillate produced will be of desired purity (Jana, 2008, 145). The production period is, in contrast, the part of the process during which the product is withdrawn from the column. Operation of the batch distillation column takes place in four ways. Constant reflux ratio, total reflux, optimal ratio, and constant distillate composition are the methods used in operating batch distillation column. The method of operation of the batch distillation column is dependent on the type of mixture that is being separated. In the separation of the methanol/water mixture for instance, total reflux method could be appropriately used. In total reflux, the batch process is left alone to approach steady state before the withdrawal of the distillate product is allowed to start. In order to now achieve steady state, overhead vapours are condensed and collected in the condenser-reflux drum system (Diwekar, 2011, 5). All the liquid that has been condensed is directed to return to the column. When this happens, the liquid is further taken through the distillation process several times until there is no more distillate product to be removed. This continuous process of reflux and subsequent distillation ensures that the maximum possible purity is obtained, since no more distillate product is left unremoved. The process that goes on in the batch distillation column is a complex one. Liquid mixture is put in a vessel that is known as the still spot. The vessel is then heated to such a time as vapour is produced, and the vapour is directed to a rectifying column. As the vapours rise in the column, they become enriched in the component of the mixture that is more volatile. In the initial start-up period, all the vapour collected from the top section of the column is

Entrepreneur Project I Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Entrepreneur Project I - Research Paper Example blindness and deafness); they may also suffer from several mental disorders. In addition, some of the aged may not have people to effectively take care of them as some may be living alone, either because they were not married or did not have enough savings to buy or build a house after retirement. This necessitates the need for the creation of several programs, which will specifically target the aged and ensure that the quality of the life that they lead is not compromised by the fact that they are aged. Entrepreneurs and businesses should therefore look for ways to take advantage of the situation in order to get financial benefits. For instance, different products can be devised which will mainly target the aged in the community. One such product is the establishment of a paid up aged care; this facility will be able to provide the aged with the services necessary for the improvement of the quality of their lives. Moreover, the services provided will specifically target the old and will therefore incorporate different requirements that the aged need. Due to the fact that the business targets only a specific demographic sector, the business must effectively know how to deal with the uncertainties or future changes in the demographic fraction of the population. America currently has the highest number of the aged population in history. This aged population is expected to reach about 80 million as the baby boomers start reaching the retirement age (Cress 2007 p 211). In addition, this population needs specialized care and hence providing ready demand for the company’s services. Florida has a population of about 18 million; of this population, 17.2 percent are aged above 65 years. This is far much higher than the national average of 12.9 (US censors bureau 2009). However, even though the statistics of the aged appear to be large, only a small fraction of the population is fully capable of settling their

Critical Book Review Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Critical Book Review - Research Paper Example He uses personal experience as the chairman of the council of economic advisors under the presidency of bill Clinton from the year 1993 and as the chief economist at the World Bank from 1997 to make his arguments. During this period, Stiglitz became disenchanted with the International Monetary Fund and other international institutions which he regarded as acting against the interests of the poor developing countries in favor of the developed world. He argues that the economic policies of the International Monetary Fund are based on unsound neoliberal assumptions that are only beneficial to the developed economies. The main precept of the book is that pro-globalization policies have the potential of benefitting all countries if properly undertaken and properly incorporated into the individual characteristics of each particular country. Otherwise the objectives of globalization will not be realized as it will only continue to serve the interests of the developed world leaving the developing countries lagging behind in all aspects. Globalization should therefore be embraced by all countries on their own unique terms. These countries should consider their own culture, history, and traditions while embracing globalization in order to ensure that it doesn’t work against them. The adoption of poorly designed or emulated pro-globalization policies often has the effect of being costly to the concerned countries. The resultant effect is increase in the levels of instability which renders such countries more susceptible to reduced growth, external shocks and increase in the levels of poverty. He goes on to argue that globalization has not been fairly pushed to benefit all because the policies of liberalization were haphazardly implemented in the wrong order using inadequate and at times wrong economic principles. The consequences of this as he has pointed out is that terrible results are now being felt including

How did the hurricane Katarina impact the reservation price on the Term Paper

How did the hurricane Katarina impact the reservation price on the housing market in New Orleans, before and after the catastrop - Term Paper Example Almost 80% of New Orleans city was covered with floods. About 1800 people lost their lives to the hurricane; property of $80 billion worth belonging to the Orleanais was damaged, and in August 2005, after the floods swept in, millions of civilians were left with no homes. Hurricane Katrina was graded the sixth among the strongest storms that had ever been experienced and was the costliest. The strength of this storm waved to over 30 deep sea miles and when it was at its extreme, the winds from the hurricane covered more that 75 deep sea miles from the central point moving on to the east side. Over 400,000 employees lost their jobs following hurricane Katrina and this led to the financial crisis suffered by the Gulf Coast. This paper will discuss the effects and impacts on the reservation price on the housing market in New Orleans before and after the catastrophe (Bergal, 2007). Katrina engendered storm outpours and deluges, which in turn led to a 75% area flooding in the metropolitan of New Orleans. More than half of the embankment and failures in the floodwalls were brought into being by overlapping in that, as the storm outpours aggravated farther up the acmes of either or both the embankments and their floodwalls, the subsequent erosions fructified than expected and gave rise to breaches/failures. The most articulate and coherent missteps included the failures that took place on the banks adjacent to the 17th street and London avenue estuaries. These three failures could have resulted from the implosion and inadequacy in part of the basal foundation soil concealing the levees, conjointly with sand boils and sinkholes. According to analysts, Hurricane Katrina caused the death of more than 1,100 Louisiana residents. One third of the incidences of death took place in hospitals and shelters in flooded areas. The drowned victims made up to two thirds and the most of the casualties were elderly people because 60% of the reported cases were those of people aged 65 and over. The number of deaths was higher in areas with large water depths. Hurricane Katrina and the Social Contract Game theory Arguably, if the destruction that New Orleans went through resulted from terrorist attacks, it would have been ranked highest historically (Miller, 2006). This is not as a result of the many innocent lives that were lost or the valuable property that went into destruction, but because of the evident social order destruction in the region. A terrorist envision would bring nothing better than planting seed of hatred and watering them with the blood of innocent citizens, and increasing the mistrust among the government and the citizens in fulfilling their respective duties in the â€Å"social contract†. Socrates arguments gives a clear trace of the social contract concept though scholars like Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and the likes of Rousseau later modernized the concept (Binmore, 1998). To analyses the concept, late 20th century scholars used game-t heoretic reasoning. In this, they concentrated on thee 2*2 matrix games. The most accurate 2*2 game is the â€Å"Stag Hunt†. Taking after Rousseau, it gives a description of developing cooperative effort ideas among human generations. Player 2 Hunt Stag (Cooperate) Hunt Hare (Defect) Player 1 Hunt Stag (Cooperate) 4,4 1,3 Hunt Hare (Defect) 3,1 2,2 What the above Table on Stag Hunt elaborates is the fact that with cooperation, it is easier to realize excellent results that

Three Bases for Government Essay Example for Free

Three Bases for Government Essay In government, the Lao-tzu says, it is important that â€Å"the people be kept constantly without knowledge and without desires† (Blythe 1992). Not to be misconstrued as a kind of political technique designed to manipulate or coerce, this means that they be allowed â€Å"to safeguard their true nature.† Government must in the final analysis abide by naturalness and nonaction. The sage ruler naturally never puts himself first or claims credit for his accomplishments. Consequently, the people are not aware that he has brought order and well-being to the world, assuming that the good fortune they enjoy has come about spontaneously. Ultimately the ruler himself must embrace nonaction so as to establish a model to transform the people that is, to enable those under the spell of desires to reclaim their true nature. Specific policies or techniques of government are secondary and must be â€Å"forgotten† if nonaction were to be realized. Government by nonaction is not â€Å"mysterious,† however. It does not involve mystical or esoteric practices, but rests on the claim that the transforming power of Tao, defined in terms of naturalness and exemplified by the ideal sage-ruler, would spontaneously permeate the mind and heart of the people. There is perhaps a degree of optimism to this view, but one which to Wang Pi is well justified. This is because the all-encompassing order of tzu-jan extends to the sociopolitical level. The institution of family and state is not extrinsic to nature. More specifically, the hierarchical structure of sociopolitical institutions reflects the principles governing the Taoist world. This explains Lao-tzus claim that Taoist self-cultivation, which Wang Pi again relates to realizing ones true nature, has a direct impact on the well-being of the family and the country (Blythe 1992). In this light, such concepts as nonaction, quietude acquire a more concrete meaning. In the Ho-shang Kung commentary, these concepts are subsumed under the rubric of â€Å"securing the One† (shou-i). In the Lao-tzu itself, the expression â€Å"embrace the One† (pao-i) is used twice; but Ho-shang Kung prefers the word shou to emphasize the importance of â€Å"securing† what has been â€Å"embraced.† In other words, ideal government, both politically and with respect to the interior life, depends on the rulers ability to acquire and to maintain the â€Å"One,† and to guard against harmful influences. For the ideal but practical, new democratic state, Jefferson coined the word sociocracy. Jefferson’s ideal government is neither individualistic nor collectivist. It consists of a dictatorship of three wise men who represent the technological, the temporal, and the spiritual spheres. Final veto rests in the spiritual officer in whom alone are found wisdom, philosophy, and moral ends. The temporal power, however, acts according to the laws of nature expressed through the social forces, and is guided in all things by social science. Jefferson was fundamentally right in believing that unless sociologists controlled the state, the social problem would never be solved. The first step toward the ideal government, therefore, was to indicate just what the social sciences are, and what they have to contribute to the knowledge of human problems and social progress. Jefferson insisted that the present order is the result of defective knowledge, neglect of moral teaching, and of anarchical habits of egoistic living. To erect the ideal state, the temple of humanity, there must be a consensus of organized philosophy, reformed morality, and permanent nonsupernatural religion. Capital must be moralized, the marriage institution renovated, and every other institution spiritualized by the awakening of the sympathetic instincts enlisted in the service of humanity. To lead and control the positive state, Jefferson offered his philosophy of science which is a scheme of education, a method of government, a school of wisdom, and a form of religion— in brief, a synthesis of mind, feeling and action, crowned by the religion of humanity. Carter also defended his ideal government on the grounds of economic and ethical principles which are closely associated with ach other and with the political principles which formed the basis of the ideal government. His aim was to achieve political and social solidarity through an economic but ethical revolution which would make the introduction of the new order possible and which would sustain and reinforce it after it had been established. The underlying principles of his state are, therefore, as tightly interwoven and as interactive as his aims and this was as it should have been, for Carter regarded society as an organism of the whole-and it was for the achievement of a unified, harmonious whole that he sought a solution. Because of the doctrine of evolution, Carter believed that man could not be considered as an individual apart from his surroundings, for he was born into an environment from whose effects there could be no escape. The problem, therefore, was to adjust mans conduct to the social organism, the whole, of which he was a part or to adjust the social organism so that it would further right conduct and the achievement of action that would be for the good of the whole. Ethics, therefore, became a sociological search â€Å"for right conduct† which was to be defined as the â€Å"stable adjustment of the part to the whole† (Blythe 1992).    References Blythe, J. M. 1992. Ideal Government and the Mixed Constitution. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.

George and Lennie Comparison Essay Example for Free

George and Lennie Comparison Essay George and Lennie, two extraordinary characters in Of Mice and Men, Similar yet very different. Both Lennie and George rely on their friendship to survive. Lennie depends on his friendship with George to make the correct desisions. George relies on the friendship he has with Lennie in order to plan for the future. While Lennie depends on George, in some ways George depends on Lennie. For example, despite Georges impatience and annoyance with Lennie, and his remarks about how easy his life would be without him, George would lead a much harder life. George always explains to Lennie what is correct and incorrect and makes sure that Lennie behaves. Finally, in order for George to have a future in mind, George needs Lennie. George and Lenny both shared the same type of hard work, and both of them lacked friendship in their lives. Both George and Lenny want something more in life they are both dreamers. Their similarities lay below the surface where they appear different. George is a small, quick man with well-defined features. A migrant ranch worker, George dreamt of one day saving enough money to buy his own place and be his own boss, living off of the land. The hindrance to his objective is his mentally handicapped companion, Lennie, with whom he has traveled and worked since Lennies Aunt Clara, whom George knew, died. The majority of Georges energy is devoted to looking after Lennie, whose blunders prevent George from working toward his dream, or even living the life of a normal rancher. Thus, Georges conflict arises in Lennie, to whom he has the ties of long- time companionship that he so often yearns to break in order to live the life of which he dreams. This tension strains George into demonstrating various emotions, ranging from anger to patience to sadness to pride and to hope. Georges companion, the source of the novels conflict. Lennie, enormous, ungainly, and mentally slow, is Georges polar opposite both mentally and physically. Lennies ignorance and innocence and helplessness, his childish actions, such as his desire to pet soft things, contrast his physical bulk, making him likeable to readers. Although devoid of cruel intentions, Lennies stupidity and carelessness cause him to unwittingly harm animals and people, which creates trouble for both him and George. Lennie is tirelessly devoted to George and delights in hearing him tell of the dream of having a farm, but he does not desire the dream of the American worker in the same way that George does. His understanding of Georges dream is more childish and he grows excited at the possibility of tending the future rabbits, most likely because it will afford him a chance to pet their soft hides as much as he wishes. Nevertheless, a dream is a dream, different for everyone, and George and Lennie share the similar attribute of desiring what they havent got. Lennie, however, is helpless to attain his dream, and remains a static character throughout, relying on George to fuel is hope and save him from trouble

Political Language Essay Example for Free

Political Language Essay Language is the life blood of politics. Political power struggles, and the legitimisation of political policies and authorities occurs primarily through discourse and verbal representations. Power can either be exercised through coercion or what US commentator Walter Lippman termed in the 1930s the manufacture of consent. Largely unable, and hopefully unwilling, to coerce; political authorities in so called democratic polities often need to manufacture consent in order to undertake their agendas. While this most obviously concerns relations between a government and its wider public, this process has profound effects on the workings inside governments and is an important aspect of socialisation into governmental work cultures. Put simply the manufacture of consent is a language based process of ideological indoctrination. While being astonishingly comprehensive, it is a remarkably subtle process. Discourse carries the very assumptions under which the things it alludes to are known and ordered in the context in which it is used. In concrete terms this means that the content of political language contains the very rationale by which it is to be framed, defined, understood and acted upon. Commonly this produces the manufacture of consent. Political language, as Michael Geis points out in The Language of Politics, conveys both the linguistic meaning of what is said and the corpus, or a part of it, of the political beliefs underpinning any given statement (p7). Whether circulating inside or outside governments this means that political discourse transmits and unconsciously reinforces the ideological foundations and the ways of knowing of the dominant political authorities. Applied to government agencies this means that the language of its official texts contains the means by which things are known and understood within these agencies. This means that official documents are shaped according to the way in which things are known and understood in the context in which they are primarily employed. What is included, excluded and how the document is structured is largely determined by these methods of knowing, understanding, and what these are ideologically deemed to encompass. None of this is to necessarily say that the contents of a document are untrue. In the case of Randolf Pauls report nothing alleged in it has been refuted. However its structure reflects the prizing of particular modes of linear rational thought, empiricism, and ideas of objectivity characteristic of the US bureaucracy. What he represented may well have been far less straightforward than how he presented it. The events Paul portrayed may well have included other significant happenings that were not included because they were either not recognised as such within the knowledge structures of the US bureaucracy, or because they may have contentiously reflected unfavourably on the ideological principles underlying the US government. On the flip side official documents can be used to identify the ideological principles of a government agency and the political authorities it represents. Where there is conflict in political discourse, there is conflict about the ideological and philosophical assumptions underlying political authority. Official texts, and their structures should be analysed to uncover the assumptions of knowledge and ideology at the foundations of the authority producing the text. According to Foucault, the most useful question in such an analysis is something along the lines of how is it that one particular statement appeared instead of another statement . Further reading : Burton, F., Carlen, P. , Official Discourse : On Discourse Analysis, Government Publications, Ideology, and the State, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1979. Fairclough, N. , Language and Power, Longman, London, 1989. Foucault, M. The Archaeology of Knowledge and the Discourse on Language, trans. A. M. Sheridan Smith, Pantheon Books, New York, 1972. Geis, M. , The Language of Politics, Spring Verlag, New York, 1987. HOME DOCUMENT http://teaching. arts. usyd. edu. au/history/hsty3080/3rdYr3080/Callous%20Bystanders/language. html v.

Against Media Censorship Essay Example for Free

Against Media Censorship Essay * On television, music, and most websites, they inform the user about the contents of their website, song, or show; but others (like YouTube) put on age restrictions on them. * I’m sure most of you have had to go through these at some point in your life and have gotten upset when you can’t hear the whole song or watch the whole movie. * I’d like to explain to you all how Media Censorship is in direct violation of the First Amendment and how it can make it harder for kids to learn about certain aspects of life. * The First Amendment is one of our most important Amendments because it allows us, the citizens of the United States, to speak our minds about anything without legal government penalty. * Freedom of speech is no longer considered important to the government. People should be able to express themselves, whether it’s through music, movies, or anything, but instead they have to bleep the cuss for their song to go on the radio and block the inappropriate parts on a movie which can possibly cause a loss in entertainment or power in the message * The morals of people that have been hidden information from and the morals of the people who haven’t been hidden from are completely different. If certain things are hidden from people, then that gives people a curiosity in the subject and may cause people the use of illegal actions to obtain it. * Education isn’t something for kids need to be censored from. * People are curious about life and feel they need to learn more about it, if everything was censored then this can cause parents to be in uncomfortable situations and cause kids to ask more questions. * The government shouldn’t have to tell people what they can and can’t watch or listen to; this should be up to the person or the parents of that particular person. * The FCC (Federal Communications Commission) monitors every radio station, Television broadcast, and music broadcast to make sure that nothing inappropriate is said on the broadcast that they think may ruin the mind of the listeners. * Most music is censored while there are few artists that refuse to censor their music, and nearly all movies are also censored. * The First Amendment states that you have a freedom of speech and the FCC shouldnt be able to take that away. People can be better educated on topics if nothing is censored. * The sound of music and the graphics of movies are some things you all would most likely want to keep. * In conclusion, The media should not be censored and should not be allowed to be censored.

Effect Of UV Rays On Pool Chlorine Biology Essay

Effect Of UV Rays On Pool Chlorine Biology Essay Pools have always been a source of leisure for Australians. They provide enjoyment and good times for many households generated in a family or local swimming pool. Despite this, pools have to be maintained by using chemicals or disinfectants, lest unwanted pathogens create health hazards. However, the over use of these chemicals can also result in health hazards such as; serious irritation and breathing problems. A balance or equilibrium, therefore, must be achieved to maintain suitable conditions. This is where chemistry comes into play. The main type of chemicals used in pools to prevent unwanted pathogens is pool chlorine. Sodium hypochlorite is a commonly used as pool chlorine. It was discovered by Louis Pasteur in the late 19th century that sodium hypochlorite had disinfectant properties. Sodium hypochlorite effectively kills bacteria, viruses and fungi. When pool chlorine is added to water, a reaction takes place where hypochlorus acid is formed. In the past, most consumer chlorine bleach was sold in a 5.25% solution. Today, some more concentrated solutions are being sold and touted as an improvement over the less concentrated bleaches. To check for the concentration of the pool chlorine, excess potassium iodide is to be added to it and then it is to be titrated with a solution of sodium thiosulfate. The concentration of the liquid chlorine is then to be calculated using stoichiometry. The net ionic equations of the chemical reactions are: Source: Chemistry In use Book 2 There are also many factors that affect the effectiveness of pool chlorine such as sun radiation. Ultra-violet (UV) light degrades hypochlorous acid to hydrochloric acid (HCl). Ultraviolet (UV) radiation not only destroys light sensitive chemicals such as sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), it also has the potential to significantly degrade the structural integrity of the storage tank or IBC containing the light sensitive material.   According to the NSW  Ministry of Health  (2010) roughly 1/3 of free chlorine exposed to UV lights in a outdoor swimming pool is destroyed every hour. UV light therefore lowers the concentration of the disinfection component of free chlorine. In this experiment, the concentration of sodium hypochlorite in pool chlorine, left under a UV lamps for different periods of times, was measured. Aim: To investigate the effects of Ultra Violet (UV) rays on sodium hypochlorite (a bleaching agent used commonly in pools). 2.0 Hypothesis: As pool chlorine is left for longer periods of time under UV rays, the concentration of the pool chlorine will decrease. This was hypothesised as the theory suggests that UV rays degrade the component in pool chlorine which allows it to disinfect bacteria. 3.0 Equipment/Material Material Diluted Sodium hypochlorite Sodium thiosulfate Potassium iodide Starch indicator Boiling water Equipment 2 x 100 mL Beaker 5 x 250 mL Beaker 15 x 100 mL Flask 2 x 1L Volumetric flask 1 x 500 mL Volumetric flask 1 x 100mL Measuring cylinder 2 x 20mL Measuring cylinder 3 x Funnel 5 x 20 mL Pipette 2 x 1mL Pipette 3 x Stirring rod Senior Balance Burette and stand UV Lamp Permanent marker Stopwatch 4.0 Safety To prevent any harm to the group during this experiment, safety precautions were taken to ensure the safety of the members. Refer to Appendix A for MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet). Lots of glassware was used Refrain from holding too many pieces of glassware at once. Clean up glass immediately if any is broken. Handle boiling water with care Boiling water was used to create a solution of starch. Beaker tongs were used to carry the boiling water. Potassium iodide is irritating to eyes and skin Avoid contacting without gloves. Wash with water if contact occurs. Sodium thiosulfate is irritating to eyes and skin Avoid contacting without gloves. Wash with water if contact occurs. Starch gives skin discomfort Avoid contacting without gloves. 5.0 Procedure Refer to Appendix 1 for preparation of solutions Preparation of titration A burette and stand was filtered with the sodium thiosulfate solution. The burette was filled up with the sodium thiosulfate solution to around the 0mL mark. 100mL of diluted sodium hypochlorite was poured into 5 individual 250mL beakers. These beakers were labelled 0min, 15m, 30m, 1hr, 3hrs and 4hrs. All the beakers, except the 0min beaker, were placed under the UV lamp for the amounts of time labelled on them. At this point the stopwatch was started, once the samples had reach the specified time they were taken out. For each time sample, 20mL was measured with a pipette and placed into 3 100mL flasks. 10mL of potassium iodide solution and 2mL of starch indicator solution were prepared prior to every titration. Titration The mark of where the sodium thiosulfate solution in the burette was recorded before the titration occurred. 10mL of potassium iodide solution was added to each time sample of 20mL sodium hypochlorite solution in the 100mL flasks. The new solution was left until it has completed reacted (when the solution turns light yellow). The solution was then titrated until it turned a very pale yellow. 2mL of starch indicator solution was added to the titrating solution. This should make the solution a dark blue/black colour. Titration continued at a slower rate until the solution had turned clear. Record the finishing titre mark on the burette. These steps were repeated 3 times for each time sample (total of 18 titrations). Figure 1: Diagram of titration in progress. 6.0 Results Table 1: Table showing the amount of sodium thiosulfate solution added to sodium hypochlorite and potassium iodide solution at different times left under the UV ray. Refer to Appendix 2 for initial volume and final volume calculations and averages. Time (mins) Volume (mL) Average of 3 titrations 0 23.35 15 22.95 30 22.51 60 18.35 180 16.03 240 12.70 Table 2: Table showing the concentration of pool chlorine Refer to appendix 3 for converting of average volume of titration to concentration. Amount of time left under UV lamp (mins) Concentration of OCl (M) 0 0.03250 15 0.03198 30 0.03131 60 0.02558 180 0.02234 240 0.01770 Figure 1: Graph showing the concentrations of pool chlorine left under a UV lamp for different periods of time. 7.0 Discussion An experiment design was made to test and compare the effects of UV rays on pool environments, particularly on the impacts of chlorine concentration. In doing this, a total of 18 pool chlorine samples were put under a UV lamp for different periods of time. The concentrations of the chlorine when left untouched by UV rays were stable at around 0.03M. By exposing the pool chlorine samples to ultraviolet lights for given periods of time, the concentration of the chlorine decreased. The graph shows that as the sodium hypochlorite is more exposed to UV rays, the lower concentration of the pool chlorine was. A line of best fit was drawn to display the trend in the data. It showed that there is a linear relationship between the concentration and time left under a UV lamp. The data collected agrees with the theory that UV rays disrupt the structural integrity of the pool chlorine. The photodecomposition of chlorine is apparent as the initial levels of hypochlorite ion decreased by a signific ant amount when exposed to sunlight. The photochemical reaction that represents the situation of the experiment is: The main errors of the experiment were the inaccuracies of most aspects dealt with when implementing the experiment. One anomaly occurred when one sample of chlorine was left under the UV lamp for 60minutes. There is a major drop in concentration from 30min. This suggests that there was experimental error during the investigation. 8.0 Conclusion The results collected from this experiment suggest that the more pool chlorine is subject to UV lights, the lower the concentration of the chlorine will be. It has partially supported the hypothesis Bibliography Deb Smith, D. R. (2006). Chemistry in use Book 2. Sydney: Queensland Chemistry syllabus. Date retrieved: 05/09/12 Fletcher, D. J. (N/D). (The Sodium Hypochlorite Story). Retrieved September 5, 2012, from south shore gunite pools: http://www.southshoregunitepools.com/resources/htms/naocl.htm Gina A. Ishida, B. à ·. (N/D). IMPACT OF CHLORINE AND MONOCHLORAMINE ON ULTRAVIOLET. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC: N/A. Date retrieved: 05/09/12 N/A. (N/D, N/D N/D). Chlorination of pool water. Retrieved September 6, 2012, from pested: http://www.pested.msu.edu/resources/bulletins/pdf/2621/e2621chap7.pdf N/A. (1968). Stabiliser (Cyanurate) Use in Outdoor Swimming Pools. Retrieved September 5, 2012, from NSW Government Health: http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/utilities/copyright.asp Appendices Appendix A Going to add MSDS later†¦ Appendix 1 Diluting sodium hypochlorite 100mL of sodium hypochlorite was measured and put into a 1000mL volumetric flask. The flask was filled with distilled water up to the 1L mark The flask was inverted several times Sodium thiosulfate solution 8.82g of sodium thiosulfate was placed into a 1L volumetric flash The flask was filled with distilled water up to the 1L mark The flask was inverted several times Potassium iodide solution 5g of potassium iodide was weighed and placed into a 250mL beaker Distilled water was poured until it reached 105g on the scale The solution was thoroughly mixed Starch solution 1g of starch indicator was weighed and placed into a 250mL beaker 100mL of water was boiled and placed into the 250mL beaker The solution was thoroughly mixed and was left to cool down All solutions were labelled with the name of the solution, the concentration, a group members name and the teachers name. Appendix 2 Initial volume and final volume of sodium thiosulfate left under a UV lamp at different periods of time. 0 min 23.35-0.04 15 min 45.63-23.29 30min 22.34-0.07 = 23.31mL =22.34mL =22.27mL 46.76-23.31 23.04-0.14 44.78-22.32 = 23.45mL =22.90mL =22.46mL 23.54-0.13 46.66-23.04 23.01-0.21 =23.29mL =23.62mL =22.80mL Avg = = = =23.35mL =22.95mL =22.51mL 60 min 41.22-23.01 3 hour 15.62-1.23 4hours 13.23-0.12 =18.21mL =14.39mL =13.11mL 18.62-0.33 30.59-15.62 26.35-13.23 =18.29mL =14.97mL =13.12mL 37.26-18.72 49.32-30.59 38.21-26.35 =18.54mL =18.73mL =11.86mL Avg = = =18.35mL =16.03mL =12.70mL