Abolish The Child Support System Essay - 1773 Words

Abolish the Child Support System Child support should no longer be feasible in the United States, because it is outdated, tough on low-income fathers and most importantly undermines the efforts of the fathers who do get involve in their child’s life. Sadly, the government merely focus on the enforcement portion of the law. Child support in this day and age has prolonged its deceptive theory of actually supporting the child with the absence of a parent; typically a father. In the United States, â€Å"when parents do not live together, children most often live with their mothers† (Grall 2009). Granted that more women and government have taken advantage of the absences of fathers; without facing any repercussions for their actions. In the end, such absences carry detrimental effect on most children who are raised by a single parent with the government hypothetical assistance. These pressing issues are becoming prominent as â€Å"most children in the U.S. spends some portion of their childhood living apa rt from at least one of their parents† (Grall 2009). Part of this occurs mainly because of high divorce rates as well as an unprecedented increase of childbirth to unmarried parents. In fact, one of the â€Å"greatest indicator for poverty and welfare dependency is a child born to a single mother headed household† (McCormick 2004). This concept does not merely dismantle the importance of family values, but it also promotes the continuous cycle of single-parenting. For this reason, having aShow MoreRelatedIkeas Global Sourcing Challenge: Indian Rugs Essay1242 Words   |  5 PagesThe case â€Å"IKEA’s Global Sourcing Challenge: Indian Rugs and Child Labor (A)† is about IKEA’s development from a backyard company to one of the world’s largest furniture retailers, which has to deal with the issues of child labor and how they should behave considering economical issues and the company’s policy! Conclusions made in this study are only based on the facts given in the case, considering pros and cons of an action. How should Marianne Barner respond to the invitation for IKEA to haveRead MoreEssay on The Correlation Between Homework and Academic Success 1524 Words   |  7 Pageslinked to better grades, improved standardized test scores, and more prepared students entering the post-secondary arena; however, this correlation is weak and the opposition has equal ammunition to support that there is no correlation between homework and academic success. There have been movements to abolish homework as well as movements to increase homework. Research has been done to show how homework has a negative effect on students as well as how it has a positive effect. Homework may be beneficialRead Moreshould PSLE be abolished940 Words   |  4 Pagesdevelopment. However, proponents of the system have been equally strong in their support for the exam, arguing that no viable alternative exists to ensure the fairness of selection. According to an online poll, the PSLE has been ranked the top ten most pressi ng issues faced by Singaporeans. It is high time for us to engage in the debate, as education is becoming more and more important in determining the future of a child and the the nation as a whole. So, should we abolish PSLE? Pressure Let us examineRead MoreDeath Penalty Is An Outdated Form Of Punishment1691 Words   |  7 Pagesfreedom of speech and belief and that all human beings are born equal in dignity, born free and with equal rights (United for Human Rights, n.d.). Bill of Rights The Eighth Amendment in the Bill of Rights in the United States Constitution also supports human rights; forbidding punishments that are â€Å"cruel and unusual† as well as not requiring excessive bail or excessive fines (The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.). In 1972, the Supreme Court of Georgia ruled in Furman v.Read MoreThe Death Penalty is An Effective Weapon Against Crime Essay1309 Words   |  6 Pagesit should be banished from the justice system all together.   The thought of playing God also is another aspect of the situation.   Despite these allegations however, the facts still remain.   The death penalty deters crime, stops repeat offenders, and gives Americans a real sense that justice has been served, and should therefore remain legal and in practice. Despite recent ridiculing of capital punishment, the sentence has popular and political support.   A poll in a 1997 Time magazine statedRead More Against the Death Penalty Essay1533 Words   |  7 Pagespenalty have consistently had a much higher rate than those without the death penalty. Those who promote abolition of capital punishment often point to the homicide rate as evidence that the death penalty is ineffective. Those who support the death penalty often point out that the death penalty is badly needed in their states to prevent the murder rate from being even higher. There are 3 international instruments in force which commit State parties to not have theRead MoreGeorge Orwell s 1984 And Modern Day Society1504 Words   |  7 Pagescollege tuition is viable, for example in Germany, Sweden, Finland, and Denmark college tuition is free (Wiener). Individuals should not have to make life changing decisions due to the financial burden of college when it is practicable to create a system with tuition free and or affordable college. The way the choices in 1984 and in present day are dehumanizing is because people are presented with limitations on choices which do not give them regulation over their own life. The government’s controlRead MoreDifference Between Politics And Texas958 Words   |  4 Pagesthe usage of drugs in health care system. The usage of drugs in the healthcare system has to be the longest talked topic in discussion among the politicians. Reason being it is not only a drug, but it could be beneficial for its sick citizens. While other might use it, for addiction purposes. Recently, the Governor Abbott has passed the legalization, for the usage of cannabis oil, for patients that deal with epilepsy. This is a major step in the healthcare system and government. Secondly, both seemRead MoreLiberal Feminism vs. Radical Feminism Essay1490 Words   |  6 Pagesresistance feminism, which means their issues primarily lie within patriarchy or men’s dominance towards women. They argue that patriarchy is found wherever men and women are in contact with each other. They believe that patriarchy is almost impossible to abolish because to be superior is an attribute th at most men have acquired of is already â€Å"built† into them. And whether it’s consciously or subconsciously, these traits are applied into their privileges that Western society has given them (because they areRead MoreAbortion: A Womans Right to Choose Essay986 Words   |  4 Pagesan abortion will take the innocent life of an unborn human child† (Jacoby 48). One can pass their view point onto another person and have the options of walking away while the women is still left holding the bag. This seems so unfair to judge without walking in another person’s shoes. If you ask most women, they have put a lot of thought in their decision to end their pregnancy. It can be due to lack of emotional and financial support to determine termination of pregnancy or worse a pregnancy conceived

Biomedical Ethics Cloning and Sale of Organs - 4459 Words

Biomedical Ethics: Cloning and Sales of Organs To Sell or Not to Sell, that is the Question Table of Contents ITEM PAGE # Introduction 3 I. The Initial Horror 3 II. What is Cloning? 3 III. Bioethics 4 IV. Immanuel Kant 5 V. President’s Council on Bioethics (2002) 5 VI. Utilitarian Viewpoint 7 VII. The Debate on the Sale of Organs 8 VIII. Human Rights 12 IX. Justice Approach to Ethics 13 X. Distributive Justice Approach to Ethics 13 Summary and Conclusion 16 Introduction To sell or not to sell, that is the question. There was a story once told about a young man that died from a heart attack way too soon for most people to even consider death. His young nephew asked the adults when they explained that he had died why did they not get the man a new heart? It is not so simple, the adults attempted to explain or indeed it is simpler than one might at first believe? This work intends to conduct an examination of the issue of biomedical ethics as it relates to the cloning and sale of organs. Specifically in regards to the fairness of who will be in receipt of such organs in terms of socio-economic advantages of receiving or alternatively socio-economic disadvantages in terms of not receiving the organs. I. The Initial Horror The initial horror one feels when considering cloning and selling organs is natural and an expected reaction by the human mind which isShow MoreRelatedBiomedical Ethics: Cloning and Sales of Organs3677 Words   |  15 Pagesï » ¿Biomedical Ethics: Cloning and Sales of Organs July 17, 2012 Table of Contents ITEM PAGE # Introduction 3 I. The Initial Horror 3 II. What is Cloning? 3 III. Bioethics 5 IV. Immanuel Kant 5 V. Presidents Council on Bioethics (2002) 6 VI. Utilitarian Viewpoint 7 VII. The Debate on the Sale of Organs 8 VIII. Human Rights 12 IX. Justice Approach to Ethics 13 X. Distributive Justice Approach to Ethics 13 Summary and Conclusion 16 Biomedical Ethics: Cloning and Sales of Organs Introduction

The Slavery Of The Holocaust - 1391 Words

GERMAN REPARATIONS Historically, there has been many groups of people who have received reparations for past wrongdoings. There have been a few isolated incidents, such as the Rosewood event, where African Americans were harmed and received reparations; however, reparations have also been given on a much larger scale. Ta-Nehisi Coates is a national correspondent at The Atlantic, and he has written books along with countless articles on African Americans and equally. Coates is one of the most important names in the debate for reparations; his article â€Å"The Case for Reparations† is one of the most influential pieces on the topic. In his article, he writes about many different sub-topics on reparations, one of which is historical precedent. A previous historical account of reparations occurred in 1952 when West Germany began its journey of redemption for the horrors of the Holocaust. Cotes gives useful background information needed to understand the events that led up to the Israelites receiving reparations for the Holocaust. The road to reparations was a violent one indeed, but the end result was the Jewish people receiving reparations from West Germany. According to Joe Feagin, in his paper â€Å"Documenting the Costs of Slavery, Segregation, and Contemporary Racism: Why Reparations Are in Order for African Americans,† the German government paid more than $60 billion to the victims of the Holocaust in reparations. Feagin has received many scholarly awards on the topics ofShow MoreRelatedSlavery And The African Holocaust Essay2975 Words   |  12 PagesSlavery a practise that took absolute freedom away from African people for over 500 sometimes it is even referred to as the ‘African Holocaust’ because the estimated lives lost because of the slave trade is thought to be up to 100 million. And in 1691 this hideous practise was introduced to America and continued for another 250 years and it was only in the 18th century that America began to question the morality of slavery. This lead to a divide in the American people you were either pro or antiRead MoreComparing American Slavery and the Holocaust994 Words   |  4 Pages The purpose of this essay is to compare and contrast the American Slavery and the Holocaust, in terms of which one was more malevolent than the other. Research indicates that â€Å"the â€Å"competition† between African-American and Jews has served to trivialize the malevolence which both has suffered† (Newton, 1999). According to L. Thomas â€Å"A separate issue that contributes to the tension between blacks and Jews refer to to the role that Jews played in the American Slave trade.† History Around 1600Read MoreThe World Museum And The Maritime Museum945 Words   |  4 Pagesatmosphere the museum created. It s hard not to compare the Holocaust Museum and the Maritime Museum consider both dealt largely with issues of massive murder and mistreatment of a people group. The museums were massively different. I was slightly concerned and insulted by the room that featured information and artifacts about the British empire and its involvement in the slave trade. I couldn’t imagine children running through the Holocaust museum underneath pictures of mass graves. I could imagineRead MoreJewish Responses to the Holocaust Essay614 Words   |  3 PagesJewish Responses to the Holocaust Some Jews believed that God had â€Å"abandoned† them during and after the Holocaust. They believed this because beliefs claim that a Covenant was made between the Jewish religion and God to make sure Jews would go to the promise land if they were to trust and obey the Lord God. If this were true then the Jews were being betrayed and God had broken the Covenant between them. I personally believe that God did not abandon the Jews and thatRead MoreThe Holocaust and the European Removal of Native Americans851 Words   |  3 Pageshistory. The Holocaust and the European removal of the Native Americans are both considered to be genocides. The Holocaust was a mass murdering of people due to discrimination. The victims were those who did not fit what the German leader of the Nazis thought to be the â€Å"an adequate human being.† The victims of Hitler’s brutality included anyone who was or looked Jewish, the Roma, people with disabilities, homosexuals, Jehovah’s Witnesses, trade unionists, and anyone opposed to him. (â€Å"Holocaust†). The RemovalRead MoreHuman Cruelty1239 Words   |  5 Pagespowers, or bigger groups thought they could take over others and torture them. Humans tend to have hatred towards others because of their selfishness. They think they are better than others and can control them. The trail of tears, African Slavery, and the Holocaust all show h uman cruelty weather it is to the Indians, slaves, or Jewish people by forcing them to do and go wherever the powerful forces made them. In the trail of tears, innocent Cherokee Indians were forced off their land. Between 1790Read MoreHistory And History : History Repeating Itself774 Words   |  4 Pagesthe holocaust. Both Occurred in different times, yet both happened because of discrimination towards people of a different race than those committing the acts. These two ‘events’ are a reflection on how poor people reactions where, and how history tends to repeat itself, just in a different matter. History repeats itself and the way to show it is the two horrific events in different but similar ways a, the Holocaust and slavery and the poor reaction on people. Both the holocaust and slavery hadRead MoreThe Slavery Of African Americans1207 Words   |  5 PagesThere is no denying that the period of time where slavery was legal in America was a dark time that all wish was expunged from the nation’s history. Ever since the end of WWII came around and Japanese and victims of the Holocaust started to receive reparations for the ordeals then endeavored. This launched a proposal that the descendants of the enslaved people in the United States would be given some type of compensation. The form of compensation varies from individual monetary payments to land-basedRead MoreI First Visited The Virtual Holocaust Museum Website And Researched The Bodies Of The Holocaust871 Words   |  4 PagesWhen I first visited the virtual Holocaust Museum website and researched the bodies of t he site it represented discrimination and bigotry. The action taken upon the innocent the dominant leader Adolf Hitler and the members of his group carried out Jews. The website classified the term Genocide to commit violent crimes against groups with the intent to destroy the existence of the group. The central issue raised by the site is informing people the awareness of Genocide. When I was looking into theRead MoreThe Holocaust : A Holocaust930 Words   |  4 PagesThe Holocaust is one of the most well known genocides that have taken place. It had destroyed millions of Jewish lives and has caused a historical pain to these people that cannot be taken away till this day. The Holocaust can be seen from Goldhagen’s perspective of eliminationism. It did have all of the five steps and yet there was uniqueness about the Holocaust. The first one that can be looked at is the concentration camp itself. The history of the camp and the stories are still being unfolded

Housekeeping in Hotels Personnel Turnover, Cultural...

1. Executive Summary. Housekeeping department is extremely important to any hotels. Housekeeping staff play significant roles as well. That is why you need to minimized personal turnover by monetary and non-monetary bonuses, trainings, good schedule, etc. As an option, you may do it by achieving cultural diversity at that particular department. Also cultural diversity will benefit your organization by different ideas from employees with different background. You could satisfy customers from any country or area. As well minimized absenteeism improves employee’s knowledge of their duty. So it will make them understand the importance of safety and security management of the hotel. Good-natured and well-trained employees will benefit your†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Did you have a clear understanding of the job? †¢Was your training adequate? †¢Did anything prevent you from being able to perform your job? †¢How different is your new job from the one you had here? Analyze the results: †¢Are the same positions turning over? †¢What are the common reasons? †¢Have you conducted an employee survey? Here I will suggest some benefits that could motivate employee to stay and work well for your company (as well see Appendices, Table2). The most common option is financial incentives to retain staff. In addition to the wage increase, you may include a system of bonuses. Many employers choose to offer their employees benefits that are not mandatory. Such benefits include: Health Care Insurance, Disability Insurance, Life Insurance, Retirement /Pension Plans, Flexible Compensation, etc. Undoubtedly this list can go on forever, for example there are certain companies that even pay for the food employee consume while at work. As well some companies allow their employees to improve their skills or obtain additional education at the expense of the company. In such a case you can make an agreement where the cost of training will be separated in proportion to the amount of time that an employee must work out, such as 24 months. If a person retires before, for example, six months, he must pay one-quarter the cost of his training. At the same time managers have a responsibility to make the environment motivation friendly. This can be doneShow MoreRelatedHotel and Hospitality Industry4413 Words   |  18 Pages1. Task 1 Analyze current scale, scope and diversity of the hospitality industry so that your report will help The Mittal Group to take a decision. 1.1, M1 Assume that if I am a senior team member in â€Å"Expert Business Consultancy Firm† then my role is to show/give the information about the current scale, scope and diversity about the hospitality industry so that The Mittal Group will invest in hospitality industry and the information was briefly describe given below:- 1.1 Hospitality industry Read MoreThe Riz-Carlton Applicaiton Summary9408 Words   |  38 Pages1999 Application Summary THE RITZ-CARLTON ® HOTEL COMPANY, L.L.C. Copyright  © 2000 by THE RITZ-CARLTON ® HOTEL COMPANY, L.L.C. – All Rights Reserved THE RITZ-CARLTON ® HOTEL COMPANY, L.L.C. at a Glance Products and Services: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company, L.L.C. develops and operates luxury hotels for others. The hotels are designed and identified to appeal to and suit the requirements of its principal customers who consist of: (1) Meeting Event Planners and (2) Independent BusinessRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pagesdeveloping strategies and ensure that human resource dimensions are considered. almost 18%. Over 40 work teams meet regularly to discuss work goals, track their performance against established measures, and discuss problems and issues. Employee turnover is also extremely low in most areas. Transitions in HR management are also paying off in the Bank of Montreal, based in Montreal, Quebec. Emphasizing human resources has involved 35,000 employees in organizational success. This recognition meantRead MoreStrategic Human Resource Management View.Pdf Uploaded Successfully133347 Words   |  534 Pagesscholar Edward Lawler has described these investment requirements as follows: To be competitive, organizations in many industries must have highly skilled, knowledgeable workers. They must also have a relatively stable labor force since employee turnover works directly against obtaining the kind of coordination and organizational learning that leads to fast response and high-quality products and services.4 Page 3 STRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Section One According to Lawler, these investmentsRead MoreTrends in Hotel Industry13993 Words   |  56 Pagesunfriendly place. It refers to the process of receiving and entertaining a guest with goodwill. Hospitality in the commercial context refers to the activity of hotels, restaurants, catering, inn, resorts or clubs who make a vocation of treating tourists. Helped With unique efforts by government and all other stakeholders, including hotel owners, resort managers, tour and travel operators and employees who work in the sector, Indian hospitality industry has gained a level of acceptance world overRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesUnderstanding Labor Relations and Collective Bargaining 340 Endnotes 367 Glossary 389 Company Index 395 Subject Index 398 v Contents PART 1 UNDERSTANDING HRM Chapter 1 The Dynamic Environment of HRM 2 Learning Outcomes 2 Introduction 4 5 Understanding Cultural Environments 4 The Changing World of Technology What Is a Knowledge Worker? 6 How Technology Affects HRM Practices 6 Recruiting 7 Employee Selection 7 Training and Development 7 Ethics and Employee Rights 7 Motivating Knowledge Workers 7 PayingRead MoreFunctional Approach to Internal Analysis14942 Words   |  60 Pagesreached. Every organization of a given type must perform certain jobs in order do its work. For example, key functions of a manufacturing company include production, purchasing, marketing, accounting, and personnel. The functions of a hospital include surgery, psychiatry, nursing, housekeeping, and billing. Using such functions as the basis for structuring the organization may, in some instances, have the advantage of efficiency. Grouping jobs that require the same knowledge, skills, and resourcesRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesTitle. HD58.7.R62 2012 658.3—dc23 2011038674 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN 10: 0-13-283487-1 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-283487-2 Brief Contents Preface xxii 1 2 Introduction 1 What Is Organizational Behavior? 3 The Individual 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Diversity in Organizations 39 Attitudes and Job Satisfaction 69 Emotions and Moods 97 Personality and Values 131 Perception and Individual Decision Making 165 Motivation Concepts 201 Motivation: From Concepts to Applications 239 3 The Group 9 10 11Read MoreCase Studies for Management (taken at various books and websites)12036 Words   |  49 PagesIndustries Limited (MIL) in Bangalore is an automobile ancillary industry. The company started manufacturing automotive components over two decades ago in a small way and has grown steadily over the years, employing over 4,000 persons at present with the turnover exceeding Rs.100 crores. Its products are selling well and earning a sizeable amount of profits. The company is controlled and managed by an industrialist family. Known for their shrewdness and business acumen. They are among the first generationRead MoreOperational Management36687 Words   |  147 Pages10 Operations Management signed with the U.S. government for 10 000 muskets, he was able to command a premium price because of their interchangeable parts. Frederick W Taylor (1881), known as the father of scientific management, contributed to personnel selection, planning and scheduling, motion study and the now popular field of ergonomics. One of his major contributions was his belief that management should be much more resourceful and aggressive in the improvement of work methods. Taylor and

Buisiness law Free Essays

What must a plaintiff, in a negligence case, prove and establish in order to recover? What are some of the common defenses available to defendants in negligence suits? Provide an example of a negligence case with one of the common defenses. Negligence is a mode of committing certain torts like negligently or carelessly committing trespass, nuisance or defamation. It can be defined as the conduct which creates a risk of causing damage, rather than a state of mind. We will write a custom essay sample on Buisiness law or any similar topic only for you Order Now In an action for negligence and recover the plaintiff has to prove the following essentials. That the defendant owed duty of care to the plaintiff 2. The defendant made a breach of that duty . Plaintiff suffered damage as a consequence thereof. But it is to be remembered that the burden of proof of negligence always lies on the plaintiff. (Res Ipsa Loquitur) The defendants can plead defenses to reduce or eliminate his liability. Such defenses are contributory negligence, comparative negligence, and assumption of risk. In contributory negligence the negligence of the plaintiff is also contributing cause of her injury and is barred from recovering from a negligent defendant. In Harris Vs Toronto Transit Commission (1968) the Supreme Court Canada held that if a boy sitting in a bus projected his arm outside the bus in spite of warning and is injured, he is guilty of contributory negligence. A comparative negligence is a type of partial defense in which there is a reduce in the amount of damages that a plaintiff can recover in a negligence-based claim based upon the degree to which the plaintiff’s own negligence contributed to cause the damages. The assumption of risk denotes that the plaintiff himself knew that his activity was dangerous and thus bears all responsibility for any injury that resulted. ************************************************ References 1. Elliott, Catherine and Quinn, Frances Tort Law publ. by Longman; 5 editions ISBN-13: 978-1405807111, 2005 2. Miller, LeRoy, Roger and Jentz, Gaylord Business Law Today: The Essentials, Publisher: South-Western College/West; 8th edition, ISBN-13: 978-0324654547, September 26, 2007, How to cite Buisiness law, Papers

Folic Acid Free Essays

Folic Acid is a B vitamin, specifically B9. It is an essential nutrient required by the body to create healthy new cells. While we hear about it mostly in regards to pregnancy, it is important to understand that the need for folic acid goes even beyond this. We will write a custom essay sample on Folic Acid or any similar topic only for you Order Now Folic acid is essential for the body to create red blood cells which in turn prevents anemia. It is also plays an important role in the metabolism of homocysteine, an amino acid. The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for all men and women 14 and older is 400 mcg. Men often don’t realize this as the benefits to pregnant women are more publicized, but any human being is in need of proper amounts of folic acid to insure the body is able to create new red blood cells to nourish the body with oxygen. The recommendation is to either get this amount by using a dietary supplement or eating foods fortified with folic acid. Folic acid is the synthetic version of folate and appears to be absorbed by the body (also known as bioavailable) much better than the folate occurring naturally in food. One mcg of food folate (also called 1 DFE – Dietary Folate Equivalent) is equal to 0. 6 mcg of synthetic folic acid. This means that to meet the RDA from food alone, a woman or man would have to eat food naturally containing about 667 mcg per day (400/0. 6 ) which might prove difficult. Folic Acid is especially important to pregnant women. Women that have sufficient Folic Acid in their diet before and after they conceive, have a 50-70% less chance of having a baby with a brain or spine defect such as spina bifida or anencephaly . 1) Because of this the recommended dietary allowance for pregnant women is higher than for a woman that is not pregnant. The RDA for pregnant women is 600 mcg as opposed to 400 mcg. Any woman of childbearing age should be taking between 400 mcg – 600 mcg per day as about half of all pregnancies are unplanned. If a woman does not start supplementation until she is pregnant she has already lost some of the benefits, though starting it as soon as possible is still better than continuing with no supplementation. After her child is born she should continue supplementing as the RDA is 500 mcg during lactation. By consuming adequate folic acid while breastfeeding, a woman is providing her child with folic acid through her breast milk while still having enough to nourish her own body. There is continued study into other possible benefits of folic acid. One area of study is whether folic acid aids in prevention of heart disease. The studies have specifically looked at the amino acid homocysteine. Folic acid is known to break down homocysteine in the body. High levels of homocysteine in the blood are related to a higher risk of heart disease, but this hasn’t conclusively been shown to be a cause of heart disease. Because of the lack of evidence the American Heart Association (AHA) is not at this time considering hyperhomocysteinemia (too much homocystein) a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. AHA’s recommendation is to try and get the recommended allowance from fruits, vegetables and fat free or low fat dairy products. They say that supplements should only be used when the diet does not supply enough. Evidence is clear for folic acid supplementation reducing homocystein levels but is still lacking on whether homocystein will lower risk for cardiovascular disease. 2) Another area of study is folic acid’s role in reducing risk of certain forms of cancer. Low levels of folic acid in the blood have been linked to colon cancer, but it is too early to say if folic acid supplements can reduce risk of colon cancer. Other cancers that have been studied in relation to folic acid are breast, ovarian, pancreatic, esophageal, and stomach. Some have shown benefits to supplementation , but the results were not reproduced in subsequent studies, so at this time there is no recommendation for supplementation of folic acid to reduce risk of cancer. The American Cancer Society similar to the AHA recommendation is to eat a healthful diet with plenty of fruits and vegetables that contain folic acid along with other vitamins. Folic acid plays many important roles in the body. There is no doubting that it is essential. The reason that we need a constant stream of it is because it is not stored in large quantities in the body. It is water soluble. Fat soluble vitamins are stored for longer in our system. When ingested, the body uses what it can and the rest comes out in urine, in very little time the body will need more. We discussed how pregnant women get a proven benefit, and studies continue on its role in reducing risks of other diseases, but regardless of what additional benefits are found, it is clear that without folic acid in our bodies, we would not be alive. Folic acid aids in the production of red blood cells and the synthesis of DNA and RNA. Folate even has a role in the digestive system! It works with vitamins B12 and C to help the body digest and synthesize proteins. Lastly, folic acid helps tissues grow and cells function, it is an integral part of the body working as it should. You might wonder what would happen if you stopped consuming folic acid in the form of supplements or foods. One consequence that is quite likely under these conditions is folate-deficiency anemia. This type of anemia occurs when red cell production slows and the body no longer has a sufficient amount. Without enough red blood cells, oxygen cannot travel around the body quick enough. In a severe form, where the body is not making enough red blood cells over a period of time, the heart can start to malfunction. To compensate for the lack of oxygen getting to the body, the heart will start to beat faster in an attempt to correct the situation. Over a period of time this can cause congestive heart failure and even death. Shorter term symptoms would be fatigue, headaches, and pallor. Recovering completely from anemia can take several months. (3) The good news however is that folic acid is readily available. Beef Liver is a good meat source of folic acid with about 185 micrograms in 3 ounces. While liver is a great source, there are luckily many others for those of us that are not liver fans. Other natural sources are black eyed peas and spinach. Both have about 100 mcg of folate per 1/2 cup. Other vegetable sources are great northern beans (90 mcg), asparagus (85 mcg in 4 spears), vegetarian baked beans (60 mcg in 1 cup), broccoli (50 mcg in 1/2 cup), romaine lettuce (40 mcg in 1/2 cup), and avocado (45 mcg in 1/2 cup). If you prefer fruits, some examples of fruit sources are oranges, cantaloupe, papayas and bananas. A serving of each of these provides between 25-30 mcg of folic acid. Besides folate occurring naturally in foods, some foods are fortified as a result of the folic acid fortification regulations published by the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) Foods that are folic acid fortified include cereal, pasta, and bread. Some cereals have 100% recommended daily value of 400 micrograms in 3/4 cup. One bowl of some cereals could provide your daily requirement of folic acid! Other cereals are fortified but to a lesser degree having about 100 mcg per 3/4 cup. Rice and breads are often fortified as well. One half cup of rice has 65 mcg of folic acid, while one slice of bread has 25 mcg. One of the latest news stories highlighted that folic acid was recently studied in its relation to academic success. Swedish researchers found that teens with higher levels of folic acid circulating did better academically than those with lower folic acid levels. The study noted that while there is no scientific evidence that taking folate supplements will be beneficial for teens, the results of this study show that there is a relationship. (4) Fruits and vegetables are certainly important in a diet, but in addition to healthful food, there seems to be clear evidence that a daily supplement or deliberate consumption of folic acid fortified foods will ensure you are reaching the RDA and allowing your body to function to its highest capacity. The Upper Limit recommendation is 1000 mcg, so there should be low concern if you, for example, have a day with high folate foods plus a supplement. Toxicity related to folic acid is very rare. While I always understood that folic acid was important to take as a supplement for pregnant women, I now understand much more deeply the importance it has for everyone. Before born, a baby is using folic acid to assist in development of the brain and spine. As a teen, there might be an academic benefit to having higher folate levels. Research has also pointed towards the elderly being less likely to have dementia and Alzheimer’s with proper folate intake. Throughout life, folate contributes to development and functioning of the brain and day in and day out folate helps your body function. ——————————————– 1. http://www. cdc. gov/ncbddd/folicacid/about. html 2 http://www. heart. org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/NutritionCenter/Homocysteine-Folic-Acid-and-Cardiovascular-Disease_UCM_305997_Article. jsp 3. http://www. mayoclinic. com/health/anemia/DS00321/DSECTION=complications 4. http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_114147. html Sample Menu While I am now convinced that a folic acid supplement is the best way to ensure adequate consumption of folic acid, the below menu is assuming I am not regularly taking a folic acid supplement. the menu doesn’t include all food I would eat, just those that have folic acid. Breakfast: 1 cup Cherrios – 50% RDA = 200 mcg Lunch: 1/2 cup Success White Rice (fortified) – 20% RDA = 80 mcg 4 Asparagus spears – 22% RDA = 85 mcg Snack: 1 banana – 8% RDA = 30 mcg Dinner: 2oz Barilla medium shells – 30% RDA = 120 mcg Total: 515 mcg Another simple choice is to have 1/3 cup of All Bran Buds for breakfast. This has 400 mcg! 100% of daily recommended value. How to cite Folic Acid, Essay examples

Competitive Strategies In Global Market

Question: Discuss about the Competitive Strategies In Global Market. Answer: Introduction In the modern global era, there has been a rise in the competition among the companies functioning in the global market in order to earn profit and maintain competitive edge. Hence the companies have developed competitive strategies in order to maintain their competitive edge in the market. In this paper computer industry has been chosen and four premiere organizations comprising of Xero, Atlassian, IBM and HP Inc. An in-depth analysis of the target market and the mode of entry of Xero and Atalassian would be discussed and on the other hand, an assessment of the global supply chain of IBM and HP Inc would be disclosed effectively. The analysis would be undertaken by taking help of the AAA theory framework. It is seen that the organizations primarily concentrate in any one of the three strategies as making use of all three would lead to tensions and differences among them. Hence the organizations look to implement any one of the three according to their business objectives. Target Market and the Mode of Entry The target market refers to the consumers and the customers the organizations focus on in order to sell their product and even the products they manufacture and the services they provide are based on the looking at these consumers. The mode of entry refers to the process undertaken in order to enter the market for the companies. An explanation of the target market and mode of entry of Xero and Atlassian are given below: Xero With respect to the AAA framework, it is seen that Aggregation and Adaptation strategy has been used by Xero from the AAA framework as it looks to increase their economies of scale and share in the market. It has mainly been observed that most of the computer companies have concentrated on the large business markets and have offered services to them in order earn huge profit. However, Xero has utilised the underserved small business market that is existent in Australia with respect to technology and has focused on delivering their products and services to the large section of the small business market thereby attracting a large pool of the customers and earning a significant amount of profit (Xero Accounting Software 2017). The strategy of targeting the small business market even increases their market share and Xero enters the market with the help of effective promotions and attractive offers that influences the small business market to purchase their product effectively. Atlassian With respect to policies undertaken by Atlassian, it is seen Adaptation strategy has been exploited by Altassian, which is a leading computer company that is operating in Australia. Their main target market has been the software developers functioning in Australia locally as they are the ones who can effectively make use of the services that are offered by Atlassian (Atlassian 2017). The services and the products provided by Atlassian have been in accordance to the developers so that they can make use of them in order to provide services to the final parties. The mode of entry has been a free one as there are no restrictions in the computer sector and therefore with the help of effective strategies has been able to enter the market. This aids in the rise in the market share of the organization. Globalising the Supply Chain The process of globalising the supply chain involves spreading their chain of business all over the globe. In this respect the strategies incorporated by IBM and HP Inc has been explained as below: IBM IBM being a renowned software organization incorporates the Aggregation and the Adaptation strategy. IBM has an effective globalsupply chain management process with the help of which they have been able to function with various customers throughout the world. They have been using their supply chain in order to maintain their transformation process with respect to the changing market (Ibm.com 2017). They have been able to take the benefit out of the global optimization and consolidating the operations of the factory and thereby simplifying their product. Thesupply chain management of the organization includes addressing each and every phase of the supply chain from the designing to the source in order to plan and construct for distribution. The supply chain globalising has been possible with the help of the supply chain strategy, supply chain planning, enterprise applications, logistics, assetmanagement and product lifecyclemanagement that has aided the company with an effective globa lised supply chain. All these processes have been in line with the local market of Australia and they have been in the idea of raising their economies of scale by making use of these strategies. HP Inc HP Inc tries to make use of the Adaptation strategy. The globalised supply chain has been significant for the company and they have been concentrating on the communicating with the customers to take a feedback and thereby delivering the services in order to gain customer satisfaction (Www8.hp.com 2017). The main aim of HP has been to go above the expectations of the customers and deliver a competitive edge for the business and their partners. They have been able to provide such an effective globalised supply chain mainly due to their cross-functional team that has been operating all the organizations and thereby delivering the supply chain strategy framed by the organization. The exploitation of the feedback of the customers acts as the local adaptation incorporated by the firm in oer to improve their level of operations. Conclusion This paper therefore highlights the various strategies that have been implemented by the four companies and how they have been effective enough to maintain their competitive edge by making use of the same within the company. References Atlassian. (2017). Atlassian | Software Development and Collaboration Tools. [online] Available at: https://www.atlassian.com/ [Accessed 28 Sep. 2017]. Ibm.com. (2017). IBM - Australia. [online] Available at: https://www.ibm.com/au-en/ [Accessed 28 Sep. 2017]. Www8.hp.com. (2017). Laptop Computers, Desktops, Printers and more | HP Australia. [online] Available at: https://www8.hp.com/au/en/home.html [Accessed 28 Sep. 2017]. Xero Accounting Software. (2017). Online Accounting Software Free Trial, Free Support | Xero. [online] Available at: https://www.xero.com/au/ [Accessed 28 Sep. 2017].

Issues and Challenges associated with Nurse-Samples for Students

Question: Disucss about the Issues and challenges associated with nurse-administered procedural sedation and analgesia in the cardiac catheterisation laboratory. Answer: Research is an integral part of nursing since nursing professionals are better placed to bring improvement in their practice. Suitable nursing research entails the critical appraisal of peer-reviewed articles to understand the suitability and applicability of the study results in practice. The present paper is a critical appraisal of the article authored by Conway et al. (2012) titled Issues and challenges associated with nurse-administered procedural sedation and analgesia in the cardiac catheterisation laboratory: a qualitative study with the help of the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) Tool for qualitative research. Conway et al. (2012) aimed at exploring the challenges and issues faced by nurses in relation to nurse-administered procedural sedation and analgesia in cardiac catheterisation laboratory as explained by senior nurses. The authors pointed out the rationale behind selecting the topic and the relevant background information. Administration of sedative and analgesia for the medical procedure is called as procedural sedation and analgesia (PSA). Nurses have a significant role in the management of sedation since the cardiologists verbally prescribe the administration of drugs and an anaesthetist or other medical practitioner is usually absent (Godwin et al. 2014). Considerable research has highlighted that nurse-administered PSA in the cardiac catheterisation laboratory (CCL) is safe. However, there exist chances of suffering complications such as hypotension and hypoxia. In addition, a significant proportion of the patient population has reported discomfort and pain despite PSA. Further, PSA management is complex (Deftereos et al., 2013). According to Conway et al., (2014) there has been limited research that identified factors influencing the ability of nurses to assist optimal PSA titration. The researchers understood the importance of such research for developing strategies that can improve patient care process for those receiving nurse-administered PSA in the CCL. The authors through the present research, therefore, hoped to contribute to the constrained literature available on this valuable nursing topic. The study had a qualitative study methodology that wanted to highlight the perspective of senior nurses practising at the CGL setting about PSA. Since there was a need for gaining diverse nurses perspectives having relative experience in this field, two studies were carried out concurrently. It is was justified to use qualitative research methodology for the present research since the research question was to highlight perceptions, feelings and beliefs of the study participants. According to Nieswiadomy and Bailey (2017), qualitative research methodology has the emphasis on looking at variables in the natural setting which in the present case was senior nurses nin the CGL setting. Further, the data collected through this type of research is dependent on human experience, and it can be stated that generated data is more powerful and compelling than that generated through quantitative methodology for the same research question. An exploratory study design was selected for the present research which has certain limitations to it. Exploratory studies have the intention of merely exploring the questions considered for research and do not offer conclusive and final solutions to the problems already existing (Houser 2016). Further, such studies generate information whose interpretation might be subjected to bias. The participants for the study were recruited from the CGLs in public and private hospitals. These hospitals were from both regional and urban areas in two countries- Australia and New Zealand. Recruitment of the participants was done via a professional organisation involving CGL nurses in these two countries. An email invitation was sent to the probable participants. The three inclusion criteria were as follows; nurses employed as either clinical nurse manager or nurse unit manager, clinical nursing educator and senior nurses having minimum experience of three years. The researchers did not mention demographic details of the participants such as gender and age. Further, there has been no mention of sampling technique used, and this is noteworthy since sampling method influences the reliability of the study results (Nieswiadomy and Bailey 2017). Data collected for the research was done with the help of semi-structured and in-depth interviews. The interviews were valuable for enabling rich understanding of the experiences and viewpoints of the participants. Two researchers were responsible for carrying out the interviews. Though the same nurses took part in the two studies, the methodology was different from each other. The researchers, however, did not indicate the exact procedure of the interview and the whether they used a topic guide. Though a schedule for the interview was present, the researchers had flexibility in exploring the answers provided. Digital recording of the data was done, and verbatim transcription was also carried out. Analysis of transcription was done separately for the two studies. There was no mention of data saturation. Researcher bias plays a very crucial role in research for giving validity to the study (LoBiondo-Wood and Haber 2017). In the present case, the association between the study participa nts and the researchers was not critically examined. Ethical approval for the study was provided by the university human research ethics committee, signifying measures for the protection of the participants safety, rights and freedoms. The concern of informed consent of the participants was not addressed by the researchers. For human participants, it is ethical to receive the documented informed consent of the individuals after explaining them the purpose and significance of the research (Nieswiadomy and Bailey 2017). The researchers carried out thematic analysis for the data analysis with the help of the guide by Braun and Clark. According to Ward et al. (2013) thematic analysis is beneficial for qualitative studies to highlight the main patterns and themes arising from the study, capturing the primary elements of the data. Transcription and subsequent re-readings of the transcripts were beneficial for immersion in the data. The study findings articulated different themes from the analysis. These were lack of access to anaesthetists, challenges in effective monitoring of patients, limitations of sedative medications, and the impact of increasing complexity of procedures on sedation requirements. The study highlighted that nurses are concerned about the value of their practice in situations when current guidelines are not of much value within CGL settings for patient care. The research was valuable since it highlighted that nurses are required to demonstrate advanced skills and knowledge for monitoring adverse effects of sedation. The relevance to clinical practice lies in the fact that nurses face significant challenges while monitoring patients at the time of PSA. The study recommended that patient education is necessary to make them knowledgable about what is to be expected from the sedation procedure (Conway et al. 2012). The study had certain limitations. The sample size from each geographical area of Australia and New Zealand took part in the study, and certain areas of the two countries were not a part of the research. It might have been possible that institutions that were not a part of the study might facilitate different PSA from the ones described in the research. Therefore, the themes emerging from the study were context dependent and transferability and generalisability of the same was limited (LoBiondo-Wood and Haber 2017). Nevertheless, the value and contribution of the research in the field of nursing is not to be ignored due to the significance of the research topic. References Conway, A., Rolley, J., Page, K. and Fulbrook, P., 2014. Issues and challenges associated with nurse?administered procedural sedation and analgesia in the cardiac catheterisation laboratory: a qualitative study.Journal of clinical nursing,23(3-4), pp.374-384. Deftereos, S., Giannopoulos, G., Raisakis, K., Hahalis, G., Kaoukis, A., Kossyvakis, C., Avramides, D., Pappas, L., Panagopoulou, V., Pyrgakis, V. and Alexopoulos, D., 2013. Moderate procedural sedation and opioid analgesia during transradial coronary interventions to prevent spasm: a prospective randomized study.JACC: Cardiovascular Interventions,6(3), pp.267-273. Godwin, S.A., Burton, J.H., Gerardo, C.J., Hatten, B.W., Mace, S.E., Silvers, S.M. and Fesmire, F.M., 2014. Clinical policy: procedural sedation and analgesia in the emergency department.Annals of emergency medicine,63(2), pp.247-258. Houser, J., 2016.Nursing research: Reading, using and creating evidence. Jones Bartlett Learning. LoBiondo-Wood, G. and Haber, J., 2017.Nursing Research-E-Book: Methods and Critical Appraisal for Evidence-Based Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. Nieswiadomy, R.M. and Bailey, C., 2017.Foundations of nursing research. Pearson. Ward, D.J., Furber, C., Tierney, S. and Swallow, V., 2013. Using framework analysis in nursing research: a worked example.Journal of advanced nursing,69(11), pp.2423-2431.

Gullivers Travels-Satire Essays - Gullivers Travels, Brobdingnag

Gulliver's Travels-Satire Jhova Tyler, 1 In 1726, Jonathan Swift published a book for English readers. Primarily, however, Gullivers Travels is a work of satire. Gulliver is neither a fully developed character nor even an altogether distinguishable persona; rather, he is a satiric device enabling Swift to score satirical points (Rodino 124). Indeed, whereas the work begins with more specific satire, attacking perhaps one political machine or aimed at one particular custom in each instance, it finishes with the most savage onslaught on humanity ever written (Murry 3) satirizing the whole human condition. In order to convey this satire, Gulliver is taken on four adventures, driven by fate, a restless spirit, and the pen of Swift. Gullivers first journey takes him to the Land of Lilliput, where he finds himself a giant among six-inch tall beings. His next journey brings him to Brobdingnag, where his situation is reversed: now he is the midget in a land of giants. His third journey leads him to Laputa, the floating island, inha bited by strange (although similarly sized) beings who derive their whole culture from music and mathematics. Gullivers fourth and final journey places him in the land of the Houyhnhnms, a society of intelligent, reasoning horses. As Swift leads Gulliver on these four fantastical journeys, Gullivers perceptions of himself and the people and things around him change, giving Swift ample opportunity to inject into the story both irony and satire of the England of his day and of the human condition. On the surface, Jonathan Swifts Gullivers Travels seems to be a travel log of one man, Lemuel Gulliver, on four fantastic journeys. But on a deeper look, it is a biting work of satire aimed at the vast majority of humanity. Swift ties his satire closely with Gullivers perceptions and adventures. In Gullivers first adventure, he begins on a ship that runs aground on a submerged rock. He swims to land, and when he awakens, he finds himself tied down to the ground, and surrounded by tiny people, the Tyler, 2 Lilliputians. Irony is present from the start in the simultaneous recreation of Gulliver as giant and prisoner (Reilly 167). Gulliver is surprised at the intrepidity of these diminutive mortals, who dare venture to mount and walk upon my body (Swift 16), but he admires this quality in them. Gulliver eventually learns their language, and arranges a contract with them for his freedom. However, he is bound by this agreement to protect Lilliput from invasion by the people of Blefuscu. The Lilliputians relate to him the following story: In Lilliput, years ago, people once broke eggs on the big end. However, the present kings grandfather once cut himself breaking the egg in this manner, so the King at the time, the father of the present kings grandfather, issued an edict that all were to break the eggs on the small end. Some of the people resisted, and they found refuge in Blefuscu, and for six and thirty moons past ( Swift 48), the two sides have been at war. Of course, to Gulliver, such an argument would be completely ridiculous, for he could hardly distinguish the difference in the ends of their eggs. For Swift, Lilliput is analogous to England, and Blefuscu to France. With this event of the story swift satirizes the needless bickering and fighting between the two nations. Also vehicles of Swifts satire were the peculiar customs of the nation of Liliput. The methods of selecting people for public office in Lilliput are very different from those of any other nation, or rather, would appear to be so at first. In order to be chosen, a man must rope dance to the best of his abilities; the best rope-dancer receives the higher office. While no nation of Europe in Swifts time followed such an absurd practice, they did not choose public officers on skill, but rather on how well the candidate could line the right pockets with money. Gulliver also tells of their custom of burying their dead with their heads directly downwards... The learned among them confess the absurdity of this doctrine, but the practice still continues (Swift 60). At Tyler, 3 this point in the story, Gulliver has not yet realized that by seeing the absurdity of

Scarlet Fever free essay sample

Scarlet fever is caused by infection with exotoxin-producing group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (GABHS), notably  Streptococcus pyogenes. The release of a particular toxin is responsible for the characteristic scarlet-colored rash seen with scarlet fever (giving the disease its name). In the majority of cases, scarlet fever occurs as a result of a pharyngeal streptococcal infection (strep throat), though it can less commonly occur as result of streptococcal infections at other sites, such as the skin. It is estimated that scarlet fever develops in up to 10% of individuals who develop streptococcal pharyngitis. Scarlet fever can occur at any time of the year, though it is more common during the winter and spring. The streptococcal bacterium is typically spread via airborne respiratory droplets transmitted by infected individuals or by individuals who carry the bacteria but do not experience any symptoms (asymptomatic carriers). Vector This illness can be caught from contact with the sick person because this germ is carried in the mouth and nasal fluids. We will write a custom essay sample on Scarlet Fever or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The disease can be spread through contact with droplets shed when an infected person coughs or sneezes. If you touch your mouth, nose, or eyes after touching something that has these fluids on them, you may become ill. Also, if you drink from the same glass or eat from the same plate as the sick person, you could also become ill. The best way to keep from getting sick is to wash your hands often and avoid sharing eating utensils. It is especially important for anyone with a sore throat to wash his or her hands often and not share eating or drinking utensils. Incubation period Symptoms usually begin within two to five days after a person is exposed. The fever usually subsides within a few days, and recovery is complete by two weeks Treatment Because of the nature of the infection and the danger of serious complications, scarlet fever cannot be treated solely with alternative therapies. A course of antibiotics and treatment by a physician is imperative. However, alternative therapies may be used to relieve the symptoms of fever and sore throat, such as homeopathy, massage with essentials oils, allopathic treatment. If the patient is treated promptly with antibiotics, full recovery can be expected. Patients who have had scarlet fever develop immunity to the disease and cannot be infected again. Prevention Although scarlet fever is only contagious before treatment with antibiotics is begun, it is wise to avoid exposure to children at any stage of the disease. The best preventative measure against scarlet fever is early and appropriate treatment with antibiotics for group A streptococcal infection. This will significantly decrease or eliminate an individuals chances of developing scarlet fever. The introduction and widespread use of antibiotics has been the most important factor in diminishing the cases of scarlet fever. Minimizing the risk of transmitting group A streptococcal infection is also important. Try to avoid close contact with individuals who have been diagnosed with strep throat, and avoid sending children to school or day care until they have been treated with antibiotics for at least 24 hours. Those individuals diagnosed with strep throat should try to avoid spreading the disease to others by maintaining good hygiene practices (wash hands frequently, use separate utensils and cups, and cover the mouth and nose when  coughing  or sneezing).

Geography and History of the Great Wall of China

Geography and History of the Great Wall of China The Great Wall of China is not a continuous wall but is a collection of short walls that often follow the crest of hills on the southern edge of the Mongolian plain. The Great Wall of China, known as long Wall of 10,000 Li in China, extends about 8,850 kilometers (5,500 miles). Building the Great Wall of China A first set of walls, designed to keep Mongol nomads out of China, were built of earth and stones in wood frames during the Qin Dynasty (221 to 206 BCE). Some additions and modifications were made to these simple walls over the next millennium but the major construction of the modern walls began in the Ming Dynasty (1388 to 1644 CE). The Ming fortifications were established in new areas from the Qin walls. They were up to 25 feet (7.6 meters) high, 15 to 30 feet (4.6 to 9.1 meters) wide at the base, and from 9 to 12 feet (2.7 to 3.7 meters) wide at the top (wide enough for marching troops or wagons). At regular intervals, guard stations and watch towers were established. Since the Great Wall was discontinuous, Mongol invaders had no trouble breaching the wall by going around it, so the wall proved unsuccessful and was eventually abandoned. Additionally, a policy of mollification during the subsequent Ching Dynasty that sought to pacify the Mongol leaders through religious conversion also helped to limit the need for the Great Wall. Through Western contact with China from the 17th through 20th centuries, the legend of the Great Wall of China grew along with tourism to the wall. Restoration and rebuilding took place in the 20th century and in 1987 the Great Wall of China was made a World Heritage Site. Today, a portion of the Great Wall of China, about 50 miles (80 km) from Beijing, receives thousands of tourists each day. Can You See It From Outer Space or the Moon? For some reason, some urban legends tend to get started and never disappear. Many are familiar with the claim that the Great Wall of China is the only man-made object visible from space or from the moon with the naked eye. This is simply not true. The myth of being able to see the Great Wall from space originated in Richard Halliburtons 1938 (long before humans saw the Earth from space) book Second Book of Marvels said that the Great Wall of China is the only man-made object visible from the moon. From a low orbit of the Earth, many artificial objects are visible, such as highways, ships in the sea, railroads, cities, fields of crops, and even some individual buildings. While at a low orbit, the Great Wall of China can certainly be seen from space, it is not unique in that regard. However, when leaving the Earths orbit and acquiring an altitude of more than a few thousand miles, no man-made objects are visible at all. NASA says, The Great Wall can barely be seen from the Shuttle, so it would not be possible to see it from the Moon with the naked eye. Thus, it would be tough to spot the Great Wall of China or any other object from the moon. Furthermore, from the moon, even the continents are barely visible. Regarding the origination of the story, Straight Dopes pundit Cecil Adams says, Nobody knows exactly where the story got started, although some think it was speculation by some bigshot during an after-dinner speech in the early days of the space program. NASA astronaut Alan Bean is quoted in Tom Burnams book More Misinformation... The only thing you can see from the moon is a beautiful sphere, mostly white (clouds), some blue (ocean), patches of yellow (deserts), and every once in a while some green vegetation. No man-made object is visible on this scale. In fact, when first leaving earths orbit and only a few thousand miles away, no man-made object is visible at that point either.

The Bridges Of Madison County essays

The Bridges Of Madison County essays The Bridges of Madison County, by Robert James Waller, is about two individuals, Francesca Johnson and Robert Kincaid, who are madly in-love but unfortunately could not be together. The main theme of the novel is the value of the people who you truly love is worth more than a selfish romance. Francesca Johnson is a loving wife, of Richard Johnson, and a mother of two children, Michael and Carolyn Johnson. One day, Robert Kincaid, a photographer for National Geographic, stopped to a calm house for direction on a bridge he can not locate. Francesca Johnson happened to be in her front porch and helped the man. She fell madly in-love with Robert Kincaid. As the story goes on and as Robert nears to his departure from Madison County; before Richard and her two kids comes back home, Francesca must decide if she should go with Robert or not. Francesca was prudent about love. She knows she can only pick one out of two to love, her family or Robert Kincaid. She wanted to go with Robert, however, she thinks about her family too much. She would know how they would feel; they would feel betrayed and most importantly, devastated. Her husband, Richard, would have to live with the embarrassment that his wife left him with a photographer and the pain he could not possibly bear. However, if she would have left with Robert Kincaid, she would be really happy. The way that Robert loved her and the attention that she was getting from him made her feel this way for the first time in a long time; passionate, devoted, and respected. She wanted to make the right decision and not hurt her family, but then again, she is not really happy. Francesca Johnson loved Robert Kincaid, however, she did not go with him when he asked her. The main reason was that she wanted her family to be happy. She felt guilty and did not want to destroy their feelings. If she would have came with Robert Kincaid, her guilt would have haunted her because of the fact that sh ...

Required to undertake research on organisational texts or talkat work Paper

Required to undertake on organisational texts or talkat work. This will involve the collection and analysis of data (either audio recordings or other texts) - Research Paper Example The brand awareness has been enhanced by focusing on promotional activities. The promotional activity of Nestle Company for Maggi is to offer gifts in return for empty packet of noodle. The language that can be noticed from Maggi packaging is influential and persuasive which draws attention of people, specially working men and women, who have less time for cooking. There are different patterns of language that can be found in Maggi packaging which are effectively highlighted and presented in the paper. The approach that has been undertaken in this paper is based on discourse analysis. Visual and text elements that can be found on packaging of Maggi are being effectively analyzed in the research. The pictures of product packaging of Maggi have been taken personally. The packaging is described as the form of advertisement which uses integrated brand design. According to Polly Williams, associate creative director of Blue marlin Sydney states that food photography that has been presented in the packaging is to deliver speed, convenience customer ease to drive the intention household. The techniques that have been introduced in the literature of advertisement are based on looking at the usage of metaphors, narratives, texts and images. The feature of every packaging of products is based on depiction of happy and exultant atmosphere. One of the formidable barriers that multinational corporations like Nestle have to surmount is language. It is vital for businesses to decide and evaluate what patters of language that are required to be implemented for their packaging or product labels. Furthermore, corporations also have to notice the rate of adaptation of consumers towards the use of different patterns of language on `product packaging. According to Kotler, the emotion and perception of consumers can be heavily influenced by features of the packaging. Some of the

The Printmaker and Painter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Printmaker and Painter - Essay Example Studying printmaking enabled him to communicate his artistic notions. He is particularly fond of printmaking as it can be extremely spontaneous and complex; in addition, the combinations and methodologies offered in printmaking lead to endless opportunities. His work stands out as it appears as contemporary as graffiti, although the roots of printmaking can be traced back to the Middle Ages. For him, content is the determinant of the materials and printmaking methodologies that he employs, in the endeavor to push the simple art of printmaking to its limits. He has a deep-seated desire to explore various components of printmaking and draws inspiration from the work of Sean Hillen, Andy Warhol, Gerhard Richter, Jean-Michel Basquiat, and Rene Magritte. Printmaking is an unpredictable art technique as printmakers themselves are not sure of the image until the paper is revealed. More specifically, he utilizes etching to communicate his thoughts and notions. His prints are intricate and fu ll of technical details, perhaps as a response to the evolving and chaotic world around us. These prints are a reflection of his sentimental reaction to the passing of time and experiences. The artist uses biomorphic and geometric images to explore the limitations imposed by time and space and their impact on humans. These portray notions, emotions and various points in time. He follows no sequential order but instead manipulates materials and etching techniques to reproduce feelings. He is of the opinion that humans should not only view themselves as people but also need to consider themselves at various points of time and events. ‘A story of/for M’ has been inspired from the childhood tales narrated by his Russian grandmother, Marina.  Ã‚  

Tibet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Tibet - Essay Example â€Å"Five hundred years before Buddha Sakyamuni came into this world i.e., circa 1063 B.C., a semi-legendary figure known as Lord Shenrab Miwo reformed the primitive animism of the Shen race and founded the Tibetan Bon religion. According to Bonpo sources there were eighteen Shangshung Kings who ruled Tibet before King Nyatri Tsenpo† (Brief History of Tibet) After the empire of Shangshung exhausted another kingdom known as â€Å"Bod† came into exist and the present name of Tibet has been used during this era. The Tibetan has been ruled by many kings of different empires in the following years. â€Å"During the first decade of the 16th century, Tseten Dorje, a servant of the Rinpung family, with the help of some local tribes and Mongols, managed to gain control of Shigatse and the surrounding regions of Tsang province. From 1566 to 1642 Tseten Dorje and his two successors ruled Tibet with the title of Depa Tsangpa.† (Brief History of Tibet) Sonam Gyatso, one of the prominent figures of Tibetan history was born in 1543. He was a person of immense wisdom in spiritual activities and his visions and missions were soon made him the unquestionable leader of the Tibetan community. He converted Altan Khan to Buddhism and the latter conferred on him the title Dalai Lama meaning "Ocean of Wisdom" in 1578. In 1642, the Fifth Dalai Lama, Ngawang Lozang Gyatso, assumed both spiritual and temporal authority over Tibet and established the present system of the Tibetan Government. (Brief History of Tibet) The Ming emperor who was ruling China at that time had a wide respect towards Dalai Lama and they were never questioned the sovereignty of Tibet under the leadership of Dalai Lama. In 1786 Ghurkhas invaded Tibet because of the Tibetan help to Sikkim people when they were attacked by the Ghurkha led Nepal. In order to escape from the attack of Ghurkhas, the eighth Dalai Lama, the ruler of Tibet at that time sought help

International Corporate Finance Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

International Corporate Finance - Case Study Example Here the banks will use the forex rate on which they are willing to buy or sell the currency with in a month or more after the transaction.3 It can be seen that due to the volatile and unpredictable nature of the forex markets during times of political or economic crisis both these markets carry a considerable risk for the multinational firms. The preceding discussion in the other sections will assess the types of strategies which can be used to avoid these risks and their feasibility in the short and long term. There are a number of risks facing VFM right now in terms of the foreign exchange and political risks involved here. These can Credit risk , Liquidity risk , Solvency risk , Operational risk , Market risk and Interest rate risk. (Aharony, 1986.Risks like operational risks (which have been defined by the Basel Committee(Basel II) arise from 'inadequate or failed processes, people and systems or from external events'. ( Hsaio 2008) .Operational Risks cover a wide category of risks which pertain to human error or technical deficiencies.(Black,1972) and are related to all other types of risk such as capital needs, inflation, concentration of revenues (by customers, products, geographies, etc.) new competitive conditions and environmental remediation obligations(reinforced by the new concept of Corporate Social Responsibility).(Black,1972). However more serious risks pertain to losses which arise due to the failure of the obligator to perform(Credit Risk) and such losses are reported to be responsible for more that 50% of yearly business losses.(Black,1972).Today the current lending practices pertaining to credit risk management methodology have made considerable progress.Another type of risk is the market risk which related to the unpredictability surrounding future earnings, because of the volatile changes in the value of financial instruments (which again accounts for 25% of yearly bank losses) ( Staikouras 2000).Reporting risk is different from market risk and credit risk as its primary focus is on derivatives and other financial instruments and is related to the problem of Accounting Risks which are caused by the likelihood of wrongly perceiving or estimating the amounts of risk arising out of their accounting assumptions and methodologies( Staikouras 2000).However the tendency of financial institutions to suffer from Accounting risk, can be remedied by care in the preparation of financial statements.(like appropriate disclosures related to estimates contained in the financial statements) .(Black,1972,Chen 1983) Modern Market Risks are no longer defined by outright exposure and

The Liberal Illusion of the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Liberal Illusion of the United States - Essay Example As the report declares the terrorist attack on Washington and New York was the main cause for the change in approach towards international law. The George Bush administration further propelled it on the pretext of saving their country and its citizens. In addition to it, they also drafted certain foreign policies called the Bush doctrine. According to the report findings U.S has the right to utilize nuclear weapons and not abide by the international treaties or agreements for its self-interest. It also states that they will work towards the prevention of any rivalry in the world and utilize the military policy and power for the interest of the U.S capitalism around the world. This imperialist doctrine is a great cause of concern for the entire world. Several other instances have also portrayed the tyranny of the U.S government and its contempt towards international law. U.S government has made the use of cluster bombs in the civilian areas of Afghanistan that has caused great damage to the residence of that area. This action of the Bush administration is a violation against the 1949 Geneva Convention. The detention of 600 soldiers from 40 countries at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, Cuba also demonstrates their realistic approach. The United States government has also refused to abide by certain treaties such as the Landmi nes Treaty, the Kyoto Protocol, the Chemical Weapons Treaty and the Anti Ballistic Missile Treaty. The attack on Iraq also indicates the change in approach of the U.S government toward the international law.

Enterprise and Entrepreneruship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Enterprise and Entrepreneruship - Essay Example What remains after settling all the expenditure is the entrepreneur’s profit. Thus, the entrepreneur can be said to be one who shifts economic resources from an area of lower productivity, to an area of greater yield and higher productivity. The act that the entrepreneur engages in for the purpose of shifting economic resources from a point of lower productivity, to a point of greater yield and higher productivity is what an entrepreneurship is. The roles and values that the entrepreneur and entrepreneurship dispense in the society and towards economic stability and growth cannot be discounted because they are immense and multifaceted. As a matter of fact, economists and business pundits such as Audretsch are poignant that, the (hypothetical) act of entrepreneurs in a given country making a dereliction on entrepreneurship is tantamount to dealing that country a coup de grace (2007, 67). Entrepreneurship and the Economy One of the salient roles that entrepreneurship dispenses i n the society and to that society’s economy is the maintenance of the relationship between the consumer and the entrepreneur himself. Economies, especially, capitalist ones in the extreme aggregates have theoretical levels of infinite demands. Entrepreneurs do this by creating goods and services, and thereby ultimately meeting the demand of the market which is the society. The gravity of this complementary relationship between the consumer and the entrepreneur is that in the absence of entrepreneurs, the demand of the market will exist, but the supply will be inexistent. This means that even essential products will not be realisable. Likewise, the same also means that should the number of entrepreneurs in the society dwindle, then demand will still override supply, and thereby leading to an increase in commodity prices, higher cost of living and a society or an economy beset by inflation (Batabyal and Nijkamp, 2012, 340). Another way in which the entrepreneur benefits the soc iety is by creating wealth. There are several ways by which an entrepreneur creates wealth. One of the ways by which entrepreneurs do this is by shortening the process of production. As the entrepreneur integrates economic resources to make them readily usable, the chain of production is decoupled, since the buyer is saved from the need to expend his synergy in producing the same material. The buyer thus is succored from extra expenditure. For instance, a transport company can be outsourced by a manufacturing company to help facilitate the transportation of materials essential for production. Thus, the company will have saved the revenue it would have spent in buying large trucks, hiring scores of drivers and settling motor vehicle maintenance costs. The same money that would have been used in settling transportation cost may serve as ploughed-back capital, to help the manufacturing firm continue with its production exercises (AMAM, 2010, 75 and Audretsch, 2007, 66). Frederick, Mons en and Hunter observe that increased unit and volume of production emanating from ploughed-back cap

Howard Gardners Theory Of Human Intelligence Education Essay

Howard Gardners Theory Of Human Intelligence Education Essay This assignment will critically discuss the topic of integrated learning in the early primary curriculum with reference to the use of the outdoor learning environment. It will be based on my personal research that stemmed from the curriculum. Firstly, this assignment will discuss the outdoor learning day, which incorporated learning outdoors with a topic themed activity. Secondly, the assignment will discuss integrated learning and outdoor learning in relation to the foundation subject Design and Technology. Howard Gardners theory of human intelligence, suggests there are at least seven ways that people have of perceiving and understanding the world. Gardner labels each of these ways a distinct intelligence in other words, a set of skills allowing individuals to find and resolve genuine problems they face. Within the Curriculum, traditional schooling heavily favours the verbal-linguistic and logical-mathematical intelligences. Gardner suggests that a more balanced curriculum that incorporates the arts, self-awareness, communication, and physical education (Gardner, 1999) is needed. Brief outline to the project. The project theme which was chosen was that of habitats and materials with reference to The Three Little Pigs, as this was a popular story that we all knew well and thought we could do a great deal to facilitate childrens learning across the age ranges of the school. We collaborated as a group and decided the story could be changed and saw it possible to have a good link to the outdoor environment leading to using the natural environment to build habitats. We adapted the story to relate directly to the natural environment by The Three Little Pigs building their homes from twigs, leaves and mud as we thought this would be more beneficial and support questioning and investigation. Within the discussion we chose a shaded area in the school grounds to set the scene for our performance and we believed this would then help with the wow factor of the introduction to the activity. The most successful aspect of the session was, once we had gained confidence and had run through the activities with the children, this allowed us to reflect on what was working and the timing of the session. This enabled our group to adapt our idea and allowed us to engage the children more successfully. The children showed positive reactions when building homes for animals from outdoor resources (sticks, mud, leaves etc), however the session at the beginning was not as successful as we were not sure on timing, in which the initial group finished the set task earlier than expected. We then had adapted our intentions to create new extension activities for the children to do and we decided to carry out a hunt for other items to go in the homes we had made. From this experience we had to dis cuss ideas for other activities we could develop if this timing issue reoccurred. I was surprised how engaged the children were when we were performing the story of The Three Little Pigs. Some of the ideas children came up with when building the homes were unexpected such as making sure the home was waterproof and the creative thinking they used to do this, for example; we need to build underground or in a sheltered spot and they also suggested, making sure that the roof was covered in leaves to keep the animals warm, dry and camouflaged. From the Outdoor Learning Day we collaboratively discussed where we could take the theme of materials and habitats. After a long discussion we decided to draw on our personal talents within the foundation subjects and use them to develop lesson plans and resources. I decided to opt for Design and Technology, as I find this subject interesting and feel that it has a wide scope for learning. The National Curriculum proclaims that, During Key Stage One  pupils learn how to think imaginatively and talk about what they like and dislike when designing and making. They build on their early childhood experiences of investigating objects around them. They explore how familiar things work and talk about, draw and model their ideas. They learn how to design and make safely and could start to use ICT as part of their designing and making. (National Curriculum 1999) The main content area of the project. Integrated Learning is discussed and used with alternative phraseology such as Topic Based Work, Cross Curriculum and Creative Curriculum. In research, Integrated Learning studies are stated as Opportunities to enrich and enhance childrens learning and make connections across the curriculum (Rose 2009).Ofsteds grade descriptor of an outstanding curriculum states: The schools curriculum provides memorable experiences and rich opportunities for high-quality learning and wider personal development and wellbeing. The school may be at the forefront of successful, innovative curriculum design in some areas. A curriculum with overall breadth and balance provides pupils with their full entitlement and is customised to meet the changing needs of individuals and groups. (Rose 2009). The National Curriculum for Design Technology suggests that it provides opportunities to promote pupils spiritual, moral, social and cultural development. (National Curriculum 1999) There are highly tailored progra mmes for a wide range of pupils with different needs. Cross-curricular provision, including literacy, numeracy and ICT, is mainly outstanding and there is nothing less than good. As a result, all groups of pupils benefit from a highly coherent and relevant curriculum which promotes outstanding outcomes. (Rose 2009) The Qualifications and Curriculum Development Agency (2010) explains The new curriculum is based on what is already happening in many schools to bring learning to life, and the structure reflects what other successful countries are doing with their national curricula. (Qualifications and Curriculum Development Agency 2010). A quality curriculum should be broad and balanced a statement which was highlighted in the Education Reform Act 1988. Curriculum differs in each country, for example in New Zeland Te  Whariki  was developed by May and Carr to become the first national early childhood curriculum in New Zealand. This curriculum adopts a specifically socio-cultural perspective on learning that recognises the different social contexts in which children in New Zealand live and the social and interactive nature of learning. Carr and May (2000), discussed that the aim was the development of more complex and useful understanding, knowledge and skill attached to cultural and purposeful contexts. As discussed in Woods (2005) book Play, Learning and the Early Childhood Curriculum, the  Reggio approach,  from Italy, has developed a distinct pedagogy that places the emphasis on using multiple forms of expression and cross curricular links in learning to help children communicate their understanding and thinking, maintain their interest and explore to give value to activities. Practitioners see themselves as guides who are learning with the children and adopt a listening role that seeks to encourage thinking, negotiation and the exploration of difference, particularly in collaborative group work. Documenting the process of exploration as children work through a project is a key pedagogical activity which offers children a record of their process and progress through the project, and gives educators a detailed insight into childrens activities and learning. (Stephen, C. 2006).Reggio has developed the idea that children will develop their capacity to think, build and test theor ies through exploration and making links with prior knowledge and subjects. The Reggio approach believes that content knowledge is secondary to learning about how to learn, although specific contexts and bodies of knowledge may be the focus of the childrens investigations. Cross-curricular work offers a creative way to incorporate all strands of learning, developing the knowledge, skills and understanding of students while motivating them to learn through stimulating, wide-ranging and interconnected topics.(Wood 2005). It is particularly important to emphasise links between subjects to help children make sense of what they are learning. Cross curricular links are crucial to learning as learning depends on being able to make connections between prior knowledge and experiences and new information. Such connections help us make sense of our world and develop our capacity to learn. The human brain increases capacity by making connections with prior experiences which can be related to, therefore it is a crucial part of education to include experiences which the children can make their own connections. Within the curriculum the process of design may have wider applications in a future curriculum which will embrace features such as creativity on a more intens ive scale. Outdoor learning offers many opportunities for learners to deepen and contextualise their understanding within curriculum areas, and for linking learning across the curriculum in different contexts and at all levels. (Parkinson 2010) Research into this comes from the Primary Review which is a wide-ranging and independent enquiry into the condition and future of primary education in England. The review began in October 2006 and continued for two years, an interim report published in December 2007 on childrens learning emphasises the importance of thinking skills: Children think and reason largely in the same ways as adults, but they lack experience, and are still developing the ability to think about their own thinking and learning (meta-cognition). They need diverse experiences in the classroom to help them develop these skills. Learning in classrooms can be enhanced by developing meta-cognitive strategies. (Primary Review 2007) This development in the early years of children is important because of the large amount of brain growth that occurs in the first six years of life. It is vital that thinking skills are nurtured and developed in the early years to support more comprehensive learning when children are olde r. Teaching thinking skills to older children is a valid technique, however helping young children to develop these skills as they play is even more effective. From this it was also found that Cross Curricular Learning is a vital way to support childrens learning and will aid in progressing development in the classroom. Piagets theory is based on the idea that the developing child builds cognitive structures-in other words, mental maps, schemes, or networked concepts for understanding and responding to physical experiences within his or her environment. This can be reinforced by learning through Design and Technology in school which enables pupils to; appreciate the made world, the environments in which they live and work, the products they know about and use and the many communication systems that exist. (National Curriculum 1999) Making links between subjects also helps pupils to learn more effectively as it offers opportunities to apply skills and knowledge in meaningful and purposeful contexts. For example experiencing and describing processes in geography and science offer children relevant experiences and enhanced understanding. Strong links such as these can enhance learning in all subject areas as they help learners see the relevance, within a wider context, of the skills and knowledge they are acquiring in specific subjects. Since the cross-curricular nature of Design Technology needs to involve teachers working in collaboratively to ensure children have progression in their learning and development . This means creating and organising a structure for the management of Design Technology work and, for the effective organisation particularly in the planning and implementation stages which are crucial to its success. In relation to this concept, Palmer and Doyle discussed Education is not just learning kn owledge and skills, but the development of childrens learning capacity. Education is the development of thinking clearly and creatively, implementing their own plans and communicating their ideas to others in a variety of ways. (Sue Palmer and Galina Doyle, 2004) In support of this, making cross curricular links can help learners recognise how they are learning, such as was discovered in constructivist learning theory Constructivist Learning Theory promotes learner-centered study under the guidance of teachers.It has an important role in training students with the innovative capability and subject consciousness, while improving their qualities in human culture as well as in the ideological and ethical standards( TIAN Ye 2010). There are certain aspects of learning such as problem solving, reasoning, creative thinking that are used across the whole curriculum. During cross curricular work teachers can help learners recognise these underpinning skills and how they are used in differ ent contexts. The Design Technology National Curriculum demonstrates that, Opportunities for teaching and learning all these skills across the key stages can be identified when planning. Pupils can be encouraged to reflect on what and on how they learn, and how these skills can be applied to different subjects, different problems and real-life situations. (National Curriculum 1999) Recognition is an important step towards using such skills in a strategic, flexible and intentional way. Learning is enhanced by learners being aware of how thinking and learning occurs, which gives them increased control over their learning, however coherence must be taken into account to ensure lessons are taught with a meaningful outcome. Social constructivism is a variety of cognitive constructivism that stresses the nature of a broad range of learning. Vygotsky was a cognitive theorist, but rejected the assumption made by other cognitivists such as Piaget and Perry that it was possible to separate learning from its social context. He argued that all cognitive functions originate in, and must therefore be explained as products of, social interactions and that learning was not simply the incorporation and accommodation of new knowledge by learners; it was the process by which learners were integrated into a knowledge community. According to Vygotsky: Every function in the childs cultural development appears twice: first, on the social level and, later on, on the individual level; first, between people (interpsychological) and then inside the child (intrapsychological). This applies equally to voluntary attention, to logical memory, and to the formation of concepts. All the higher functions originate as actual relationships between individuals. (Vygotsky 1978 p. 57) Vygotsky accepted Piagets claim that learners respond not to external stimuli but to their interpretation of those stimuli. However, he argued that cognitivists such as Piaget had overlooked the essentially social nature of language. As a result, he claimed they had failed to understand that learning is a collaborative process. Vygotsky distinguished between two developmental levels (Vygotsky 1978 p. 85) The level of potential development, the zone of proximal development is the level of development that the learner is capable of reaching under the guidance of teachers or in collaboration with peers. The learner is capable of solving problems and understanding material at this level that they are not capable of solving or understanding at their level of actual development. The level of potential development is the level at which learning takes place. It comprises cognitive structures that are still in the process of maturing, but which can only mature under the guidance of or in coll aboration with others. Similarly in Literacy from the National Curriculum it is stated that children should; talk about matters of immediate interest. They listen to others and usually respond appropriately. They convey simple meanings to a range of listeners, speaking audibly, and begin to extend their ideas or accounts by providing some detail. (National Curriculum 1999) This valuable approach to learning can give pupils the option to choose their own questions, this gives ownership of control over work and increases commitment to it. The National Curriculum only gives teachers a small amount of flexibility in the way they plan to teach literacy as the structure of literacy hour itself is tightly defined. (Hayes 2004) Using an integrated approach to teaching and learning allows the teaching to be incorporated into a fun and different pedagogy and therefore allows the learning to become less structured, rigid and formal. Teaching Design Technology can be seen to require a cross-curricular and team approac h and ultimately a whole school approach. It has added implications for resourcing, for timetable changes and for different teaching and learning styles and strategies. (Sebba 2007) An activity using the collaborative learning theory, may include going on a treasure hunt and generally being outdoors and undertaking something different and new, which increases enjoyment and variety, thus having potential to enhance teacher-pupil relationships. Child centred teaching approaches, based on interpretations of Piagets work, were adopted with commitment by teachers in the late 1960s and 70s. Great imagination and care were put into providing varied and stimulating classroom environments from which children could derive challenging experiences.( Pollard 2008) This relates also to the Researching Effective Pedagogy in the Early Years (REPEY 2002) One of the key findings of this report concerns the development of thinking skills: it has been found that good outcomes for children were found to be linked to adult-child interactions that included sustained shared thinking and open-ended questioning to extend childrens thinking. Including adult modelling is often combined wit h sustained periods of shared thinking. Developing childrens own ideas and investigation activities often provided the best opportunities for adults to extend childrens thinking. In support of this in the research for The Effective Provision of Pre-School Education Project (EPPE project) sustained shared thinking is identified as one of the key features of high-quality provision, and is described as: Where two or more individuals work together in an intellectual way to solve a problem, clarify a concept, evaluate an activity or extend a narrative. Both parties must contribute to the thinking and it must develop and extend their understanding. (EPPE project 2003) The research found that the most effective settings encourage sustained shared thinking, which was most likely to occur when children were interacting one on one with an adult or with a single peer partner. Excellence and Enjoyment which can be developed through varying ways of learning, is a key factor within cross curricular and outdoor learning. Within these factors is the enquiry cycle however, it is vital that the enquiry is structured. This means that children at all levels of development can work in mixed groups to achieve their full potential. The Excellence and Enjoyment Document from the Department of Children Schools and Families (DSCF) claims that education is a critical stage in childrens development it shapes them for life. As well as giving them the essential tools for learning, primary education is about children experiencing the joy discovery, solving problems, being creative in writing, art, music, developing their self-confidence as learners and maturing socially and emotionally.(DCSF 2003) Outdoor experiences reinforce learning in the classroom by providing an environment to test out ideas and hypotheses and allowing pupils to extend their understanding of the real world. The social, economic, physical, cultural and mental environment in which we live seems to have a powerful effect on how we develop intellectually and physically (Barnes 2007) Education is more than the acquisition of knowledge it is improving young peoples understanding, skills, values and personal development which in turn can significantly enhance learning and achievement. Learning outdoors provides a framework for learning that uses surroundings and communities outside the classroom. This enables the pupils to develop communication skills and self confidence and allows them to construct their own learning and live successfully in the world that surrounds them. The Outward Bound Document (2012) hypothesised that outdoor experiences improve academic achievement as pupils are free to learn openly and outdoor learning can introduce children to a widening range of environments. The fact of the environment so clearly affects the brain development of other mammals might lead us to examine closely the relationship between the environments our children work in and their mental, physical and spiritual development(Barnes 2007). Overall learning outdoors provides challenges and the opportunity to take acceptable levels of risk. Giving young people responsibility for achieving these outcomes helps them to learn from their successes and failures. (Outdoors Manifesto 2006) The National Advisory Committee on Creative and Cultural Education (NACCCE) report inferred that creativity in education and learning should include, imaginative activity fashioned so as to produce outcomes that are both original and of value (Craft, A.; Cremin, T.; Burnard, P. and Chappell, K. 2007). The report includes that creativity should be more incorporated in the national curriculum, however creativity is not just related to the creative arts, music, art and dance it is about different ways of thinking. Creativity is about exploring different ways of doing things, such as asking what if..? questions and then looking for the answers. Being creative helps us to adapt and respond to a rapidly changing world. We dont know the challenges that the children we work with will grow up to face, but we do know that for them to meet these challenges they will need to be creative and imaginative. (Department for Education 2005) Children gain knowledge and develop with different learning styles, visual, auditory and kinesthetic, the outdoors environment reinforces this. Barnes argued that there are other important factors influencing creative development the teachers personal qualities the ethos of the school and the particular pedagogical style all impact on the learning of the child. (Barnes 2007). Creativity is about allowing individuals to follow their interests so that they become lost in a task or an idea. In relation to our group project the children could be encouraged to ask questions, collect materials to use within the class room and from this incorporating the findings into a scrapbook. Within the class room investigation this has a strong link with Design Technology and could include collages, paintings, designing, drama and other ways of developing their creative skills. The Excellence and Enjoyment Document supports this theory as Teachers found that when they actively planned for and responde d to pupils creative ideas and actions, pupils became more curious to discover things for themselves, were open to new ideas and keen to explore those ideas with the teacher and others. Promoting creativity is a powerful way of engaging pupils with their learning. (Department for Schools Children and Families 2003) Ofsted released documents in both 2004 and 2011 which concluded that many educational establishments recognised the importance of outdoors learning. Experience of the outdoors and wilderness has the potential to confer a multitude of benefits on young peoples physical development, emotional and mental health and well being and societal development. (OFSTED 2004 pg17) It is commonly known that children enjoy being outside and exploring new experiences, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the outdoor environment can be more than a place to burn off steam, with more educators and architects and designers embracing the ideas that outdoor play space provides chances for the highest level of development and learning. When used best, it can be a place for investigation, exploration and social interaction. (Child Care and Resource Unit, 2008). The Early Years Foundation Stage (2012) (EYFS) has also stated that young children need adults around them to value and enjoy the outdoors themselves in order to feel safe and secure, and this means there is a need for higher staff to child ratio allowing all children to receive the same support. In support of this it has been stated by Dillon et al (2006) that the fear and concern about  health  and  safety is a main issue about using outdoor provisions freely and meeting school curriculum requirements and the time used meeting these targets. Dillion also stated that the amount of time used for outdoor learning were affected by the shortages of time, resources and support and the wider changes within and beyond the education sector, affecting teachers and pupils experiences of outdoor learning. Moyles discusses the issues of how teachers view outdoor learning; the article researched into outdoor learning and it was suggested that Integrating indoor and outdoor teaching and learning experiences is less well developed. Outdoor experiences are somewhat problematic for some settings which have only very restricted or no outdoor facilities. The most effective practitioners are able to develop creative ways of ensuring field trips to local parks and playgrounds (Moyles et al 2002 pg140) Ideally both environments should the available simultaneously to the children through a seamless transition space and the children should be able to choose between indoor and outdoor spaces in free flow provision, which in turn allows children to make their own decisions building self development skills. This practise can also be used in relation to the curriculum and particularly Design Technology, as the variety of materials that can be collected and use differ greatly when looking at indoor and outdoor resources. The use of interactive communication technology can support all subjects, however with Design Technology and the outdoors it can be part of the planned approach to outdoor learning and can add value to the outcomes for children and young people. Experiences  recorded digitally, for example, can be  taken back into the classroom and used to reinforce and further expand on the experience itself. The EYFS states Outdoor learning complements indoor learning and is equally important. Play and learning that flow seamlessly between indoors and outdoors enable children to make the most of the resources and materials available to them and develop their ideas without unnecessary interruption. (EYFS Effective Practice: Outdoor Learning 2007) The outdoor environment usually offers more freedom and space to move, allowing development of gross motor skills. This is vital for young children to develop their coordination, build muscle mass and experiment with moving their bo dies. Research has shown that encouraging children to play outside may be a key way of increasing their levels of physical activity (Burdette, et. al., 2005). Gross motor skills can be developed better in the outdoors where there is space for children to move around as discussed by Parsons in his article, Young Children and Nature: Outdoor Play and Development, Experiences Fostering Environmental Consciousness, And the Implications on Playground Design (2011). Conclusion Overall from the literature I have read and discussed in relation to the outdoors, integrated learning and Design Technology, it can be seen that both cross curricular and outdoor learning have positive and negative aspects in childrens education, including safety precautions and child development. The outdoors can be seen to offer a perfect companion to provision indoors, used in addition to the outdoor environment as it enhances and extends what we are able to give children inside on the contrary it can be argued many settings do not get the opportunities to use the outdoors space appropriately (OFSTED 2004). Conversely I believe that even without adequate outdoor provision children can be taken outside the setting on walks and trips supported by EYFS (2012) Providers must provide access to an outdoor play area or, if that is not possible, ensure that outdoor activities are planned and taken on a daily basis.(DFES 2012) In summary children require a range of teaching techniques to ensure that they develop correct ways of thinking through problems and generally prepare them for the rest of their educational life. As can be seen the use of cross-curricular teaching and outdoor learning is a very useful way of promoting learning. By incorporating a topic which motivates and inspires the children (habitats and materials) into the childrens learning it allows them to make mental cognitive links and allows the children to develop problem solving, and also to develop the ability to make links between curricular subjects such as history, science, art, design and technology, literacy and geography. Promoting creativity in learning provides a new dimension to the curriculum by exciting the children about a subject, which then goes on to develop strong links with the child and the possibilities of learning. Overall the links between cross-curricular activities, linked with local area studies and finally incorp orating creative learning, all go to aid in improving the development of key techniques which a child needs for later life. In thinking about outdoor provision, the central idea that we must hold in our minds is that the outdoors is different to indoors, these differences are what make it special and important. As a professional I need to be clear about how the outdoors differs from the indoors, why children benefit from being outside and how the outdoors affects the ways in which young children learn. This thinking then gives us the key for what to provide and how to plan for the outdoor provision. The special nature of the outdoors fits the ways young children want to be, behave, learn and develop in so many ways. From creating both research and the resource file as a group, I have developed an in-depth understanding of teamwork and the importance of working collaboratively drawing on my own skills and those of others. I have a firm understanding that I need a breadth of subject knowledge to make coherent links between subjects. In reflection from the Outdoor Learning Day and the resource file I have recognised as a practitioner the importance of getting to know the strengths of the team I would be working with and therefore being able to discuss and support each other. As I learnt from the Outdoor Learning Day an issue that was challenging was that of having a whole school doing a similar activity with a wide age range and ability levels. In conclusion to this assignment I believe that integrated learning in the early primary curriculum both indoor and outdoor environments should complement each other. As a teacher I should make valid links between topics and use a wide variety of teaching techniques to enable children to meet all childrens needs helping them to develop and make progress at their own individual level. References Barnes, J. (2007) Cross-Curricular Learning 3-14. SBN-13:  978-0857020680  | Edition:  Second Edition Burdette, H., L., Witaker, R., C., (2005) Resurrecting free play in young children: looking beyond fitness and fatness to attention, affiliation and affect, American Medical Association, www.archpediatrics.com Cambridge Primary Review (2007) Children in primary schools: research on development, learning, diversity and educational needs Carr M. May H. (2000). Te Whariki: Curriculum voices. In H. Penn (Ed.) Early Childhood Services: theory, policy and practice. Buckingham: Open University Press. Craft, A.; Cremin, T.; Burnard, P. and Chappell, K. (2007). Developing creative learning through possibility thinking with children aged 3-7. In: Craft,